Projekt okładki i stron tytułowych

Przemysław Spiechowski

Fotografia na okładce

Jakub Gojda/Dreamstime

Ilustracje w książce

Reproduced with the permission of QA International, from the book “The Visual Dictionary of Transportation”. © QA International, 2009. All rights reserved

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Bezpłatny fragment

Wstęp

Słownik angielsko-polski

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Dodatki

Illustrations

Wstęp

Szanowny Czytelniku,

niniejsze wydanie słownika jest kontynuacją publikacji z 2016 roku. Od tego czasu dołożyłem starań, by uzupełnić bazę terminologiczną o nowe słownictwo, jednocześnie aktualizując terminy z pierwszego wydania. Temat jest wciąż niewyczerpany, gdyż podczas mojej pracy w lotnictwie stale spotykam się z nowym słownictwem, niemniej jednak w drugim wydaniu starałem się wyselekcjonować najbardziej istotne terminy, których nie udało się zawrzeć 5 lat temu. Przy większości terminów posiłkowałem się oficjalnymi tłumaczeniami, jak i sam proponuję najbardziej trafne tłumaczenie do terminów jeszcze nieprzetłumaczonych.

Język angielski jest niezmiennie powszechnie uznanym na całym świecie międzynarodowym językiem komunikacji lotniczej. W lotnictwie cywilnym ma on uprzywilejowaną pozycję przed frazeologią krajową, co w praktyce oznacza, że język narodowy może być używany tylko wtedy, gdy zaakceptują to obie zainteresowane strony. Znajomość angielskiego, szczególnie w lotniczym ruchu międzynarodowym, jest wręcz niezbędna. Wszelkie dokumenty lotnicze, zazwyczaj tłumaczone są na język polski, ale często też pozostawiane są bez tłumaczenia. Pracownicy z każdego obszaru lotnictwa cywilnego doskonale wiedzą zatem, jak bardzo język angielski jest im potrzebny w codziennej pracy.

Podczas tworzenia niniejszej publikacji uwzględniono aktualnie obowiązującą dokumentację powszechnie stosowaną w lotnictwie cywilnym, a także liczne publikacje lotnicze (w tym słownikowe) oraz opracowania operacyjne. Należą do nich m.in.:

• załączniki do Konwencji o międzynarodowym lotnictwie cywilnym,

• podręczniki ICAO,

• podręczniki IATA,

• rozporządzenia Unii Europejskiej,

• akceptowalne sposoby spełnienia wymagań (AMC), specyfikacje certyfikacyjne (CS) i materiały zawierające wytyczne (GM) do rozporządzeń Unii Europejskich,

• polskie akty prawne z zakresu lotnictwa cywilnego,

• biblioteka Skybrary Eurocontrol,

• europejska baza danych terminologicznych – IATE (Interactive Terminology for Europe),

• interaktywne słowniki angielskie: Collins, Merriam-Webster, Longman, Oxford, TheFreeDictionary.com, dictionary.com, Jeppesen Aviation Dictionary, Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms (Aviation Supplies and Academics), Dictionary of Aviation (A&C Black)

• Słownik Lotniczo-Kosmonautyczny Polsko-Angielsko-Rosyjski – Sergiusza Czerniego

• publikacje Federalnej Administracji Lotnictwa Stanów Zjednoczonych,

• prywatne bazy terminologiczne specjalistów lotniczych,

• wewnętrzne podręczniki, instrukcje, procedury, jawne dokumenty lotnicze, a także

• liczne źródła internetowe.

Chciałbym podziękować licznym osobom, które pomagały mi podczas tworzenia tego słownika, a szczególnie Żanecie, Soni, Andrzejowi, Gakuto, jak i kolegom/koleżankom z branży, którzy dzielili się ze mną swoimi bazami terminologicznymi i służyli dobrą radą.

Słownik angielsko-polski

1090 MHz Extended Squitter (1090ES) is the frequency used to transmit ADS-B information. It operates on 1090 MHz, using a Mode S Extended Squitter transponder (1090ES for short, referring to the ADS-B information appended to the Mode S data). 1090ES is the international standard; in the United States, it is required for operations above 18,000 feet and for Part 135 operations. While the 1090 ES datalink provides traffic information, it does not receive weather data rozszerzony squitter 1090 MHz

3D (three dimensional) 1. producing or designed to produce an effect of three dimensions trójwymiarowy 2. a system or effect that adds a three-dimensional appearance to visual images, as in films, slides, or drawings trójwymiar

3D aerobatics or 3D flying is a form of flying using flying aircraft to perform specific aerial maneuvers. They are usually performed when the aircraft had been intentionally placed in a stalled position latanie trójwymiarowe

3D flying → 3D aerobatics

3D PAM is a FAA NextGen Implementation Plan Acronym for 3D Path Arrival Management 3D PAM

4096 squawk codes are four-digit octal numbers; the dials on a transponder read from zero to seven inclusive. Thus the lowest possible squawk is 0000 and the highest is 7777 therefore there are 4096 combinations of these four digit codes 4096 (ilość możliwych do wygenerowania kodów squawk)

463L Master Pallet or HCU-6E is a standardized pallet used for transporting military air cargo. It is the main air-cargo pallet of the United States Air Force, designed to be loaded and offloaded on today’s military airlifters as well as many civilian Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) cargo aircraft paleta 463L, paleta typu HCU-6E

4D (four dimensional) 1. producing or designed to produce an effect of three dimensions czterowymiarowy 2. a system or effect that adds a three-dimensional appearance to visual images, as in films, slides, or drawings czterowymiar

4-dimensional trajectories (4DT) is the concept that is based on the integration of time into the 3D aircraft trajectory. It aims to ensure flight on a practically unrestricted, optimum trajectory for as long as possible in exchange for the aircraft being obliged to meet very accurately an arrival time over a designated point czterowymiarowa trajektoria lotu (trajektoria lotu 4D)

4DWxCube is a four dimensional weather cube. Its is a virtual repository of MET information, produced by multiple contributors (MET service providers), from diverse locations, that will provide end users with a common weather picture czterowymiarowy sześcian pogodowy

A

A → amber

A (alfa) is a word of the radiotelegraphy spelling alphabet used in aeronautical telecommunications alfa

A check is a type of maintenance inspection for transport category aircraft in which a thorough visual inspection and an operational check of all major systems of the airframe and engine are carried out. Normally referred to as check A przegląd typu A

A.C. bus is an aircraft electrical power distribution point for alternating current to which several power circuits are connected magistrala AC

A/A → air-to-air

a/c → aircraft

A/D → aerodrome

AAIM → Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

AAIM → Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitor

AAL → Above Aerodrome Level

AAR → Airport Arrival Rate

ab initio programme (meaning “from the beginning”) is airline-sponsored training program that takes an individual with very little or no flight experience and create a competent, professional airline pilot szkolenie podstawowe

ab initio trainer is an aircraft intended for training student pilots who have no previous flying experience. Such an aircraft has the simplest and the minimum required systems and a low maximum speed, making it easier to fly samolot do podstawowego szkolenia

ABAC scale is a nomogram for determining the conversion angle to apply when plotting great-circle bearings on a Mercator projection. ABAC scales are printed on the margins of Mercator plotting charts. Scales A and C are interrelated, as are B and D. In the illustration, the ABAC scale measures the conversion angle for two places that have a 16° change of longitude between them and mean latitude of 50°. The conversion angle in this case is 6° skala ABAC

abandon means to give up by leaving or ceasing to operate or inhabit, especially as a result of danger or other impending threat opuścić, porzucić (samolot w razie niebezpieczeństwa)

abandoned aircraft means an aircraft that has been left on property without the consent of the owner or operator of the property for more than sixty days opuszczony statek powietrzny

abandoned airport is an airport permanently closed to aircraft operations opuszczony port lotniczy

abbreviate means to make a word or expression shorter • Civil Aviation Authority is usually abbreviated to CAA skrócić, skracać

abbreviated briefing is a shortened version of the standard briefing. It should be requested when a departure has been delayed or when specific weather information is needed to update a previous standard briefing. When this is the case, the weather specialist needs to know the time and source of the previous briefing so the necessary weather information will not be omitted inadvertently skrócona odprawa

abbreviated flight plan → abbreviated IFR flight plan

abbreviated IFR flight plan or abbreviated flight plan. It is an authorization by ATC requiring pilots to submit only that information needed for the purpose of ATC. It includes only a small portion of the usual IFR flight plan information. In certain instances, this may be only aircraft identification, location, and pilot request. Other information may be requested if needed by ATC for separation/control purposes. It is frequently used by aircraft which are airborne and desire an instrument approach or by aircraft which are on the ground and desire a climb to VFR-on-top skrócony plan lotu IFR

abbreviated precision approach path indicator (APAPI) is a system that consists of a wing bar of two sharp transition multi-lamp (or paired single lamp) units. The system shall be located on the left side of the runway unless it is physically impracticable to do so skrócony wskaźnik ścieżki podejścia precyzyjnego

abbreviated T visual approach slope indicator system (AT-VASIS) is a system of lights on the side of an airport runway threshold that provides visual descent guidance information during approach. System consists of ten light units arranged on one side of the runway in the form of a single wing bar of four light units with a bisecting longitudinal line of six lights skrócony system wzrokowych wskaźników ścieżki podejścia T

abbreviated visual approach slope indicator system (AVASIS) is a night-landing aid placed at the beginning of a flare path or runway. It displays different colored lights, depending on the angle from which it is viewed by a pilot approaching to land. When viewed from the correct angle of safe approach, it displays green; when the angle is too high, it displays amber; and when it is too low, red. The system, however, has fewer lights than a full-fledged system. An AVASIS generally consists of only two light units situated on the left side of the runway, one upwind and one downwind. The aircraft is on a slope if the upwind unit shows red and the downwind unit shows white, too high if both units show white, and too low if both units show red. The AVASIS is always set to an eye-to-wheel height (EWH) of 10 ft (3 m) skrócony system wzrokowych wskaźników ścieżki podejścia

ABC fare → fare, advanced booking charter

abeam (ABM) an aircraft is “abeam” a fix, point, or object when that fix, point, or object is approximately 90 degrees to the right or left of the aircraft track. Abeam indicates a general position rather than a precise point na trawersie

abeam fix is a fix, NAVAID, point, or object positioned approximately 90 degrees to the right or left of the aircraft track along a route of flight. Abeam indicates a general position rather than a precise point wyznaczony punkt/obiekt na trawersie

abeam the runway indicates that the runway is to the side of the aircraft, at a bearing of approximately 90° or 270° relative to the aircraft, i.e. to the right or the left na trawersie drogi startowej

aberration 1. A condition in an optical system in which the images are imperfect or improperly located. 2. Geometrical inaccuracy(ies) introduced by optical, IR (infrared), or similar electromagnetic systems in which radiation is processed by mirrors. In optics, a specific deviation from perfect imagery (e.g., spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, or distortion). 3. The displacement of the apparent directions of the stars resulting from the motion of the observer. Also called an atmospheric aberration aberracja

ABI → advance boundary information

ablation means depletion of snow and ice by melting and evaporation ablacja

able bodied passengers (ABP) are aircraft passengers who are typically traveling alone or as couples, have no children or other relatives traveling with them, are fit and healthy, and speak the language used by the flight attendants. They are used in any emergency scenario where there is enough time available for flight attendants to brief them on the operation of emergency exits, life rafts, and what will be expected of them after a crash pełnosprawni pasażerowie (którzy są w stanie otworzyć wyjście awaryjne w sytuacji awaryjnej)

ABM → abeam

ABN → aerodrome beacon

abnormal aircraft configuration is considered to be a configuration which is not appropriate for the phase of flight. This could occur intentionally such as during a gear down ferry flight or as the result of a system malfunction or failure such as a slat or flap jamb, flap brakes engagement or landing gear failure to retract anormalna konfiguracja statku powietrznego

abnormal load is load which is heavier than normal ładunek nienormatywny

abnormal runway contact is any landing or takeoff involving abnormal runway or landing surface contact. Events such as hard/heavy landings, long/fast landings, off center landings, crabbed landings, nose wheel first touchdown, tail strikes, and wingtip/nacelle strikes are included in this category nieprawidłowy kontakt z drogą startową

abnormal situation is one in which it is no longer possible to continue the flight using normal procedures but the safety of the aircraft or persons on board or on the ground is not in danger nietypowa sytuacja

aboard means on or onto a ship, aircraft, bus, or train • The flight attendant welcomed us aboard • Welcome aboard flight BA345 to Tokyo • to be aboard plane [być w samolocie] • to go or climb aboard plane [wsiąść do samolotu] na pokładzie, na pokład

abort means to terminate operation taking place or to end operation before it has finished • They aborted the landing because of a strong wind przerwać, anulować, zatrzymać

abort drill is a prebriefed and rehearsed sequence of actions to be taken instinctively to cope with emergency abort situations. For example, normally, the abort take-off drill is to bring back fully the throttle(s), apply full brakes, deploy the tail parachute (for those aircraft where this facility is available), and use reverse thrust on all engines consistent with the ability to steer along the runway ćwiczenie na wypadek sytuacji, w której występuje zaniechanie operacji

aborted start or abortive start. It is the termination of the engine startup procedure because of either the RPM failing to build up to the required speed, the EGT (exhaust gases temperature) exceeding limits, or any other malfunction przerwany rozruch slinika, zawieszony rozruch silnika

aborted take-off → rejected take-off

abortive approach is an aircraft approach that is stopped by pilot przerwanie podchodzenia

abortive start → aborted start

about (ABT) almost or nearly • Pilot can expect progressive taxi instructions in about half an hour około

above (ABV) 1. in or to a higher place or above • The lowest usable level will always be at least 500 ft above the Airway base ponad, nad, wyżej 2. north of above this latitude [na północ od tej szerokości geograficznej] na północ od (czegoś)

above aerodrome elevation (AAE) or above airport elevation (US) denotes that an altitude is given above the nearest aerodrome or airport. This is usually identical to the altitude above ground level, but AAE is used to be precise nad wysokością lotniska

above aerodrome level (AAL) denotes that an altitude is given above the ground level of aerodrome nad poziomem lotniska

above airport elevation → above aerodrome elevation

above ground level (AGL) means altitude expressed in the actual number of meters, kilometers, feet etc. measured above the ground nad poziomem terenu

above mean sea level (AMSL) means the altitude of aircraft relative to the average sea level nad średnim poziomem morza

above obstruction level (AOL) is the height of an aircraft above terrain, structures, and obstacles in the area of operation. The height is nominated for aircraft carrying out very low flying. Pilots either take into consideration heights indicated on maps and charts when calculating the height they need to fly or use terrain-following radar, so they can maintain constant height. The height above obstacles may be equal to or higher than the height above ground level (AGL) nad poziomem przeszkody

above reference threshold elevation (ARTE) / powyżej referencyjnego wzniesienia progu drogi startowej

above sea level (ASL) means above the average height of the sea where it meets the land nad poziomem morza

ABP → able bodied passengers

abradable coating is a coating made of an abradable materia. It means if it rubs against a more abrasive material in motion, the former will be worn whereas the latter will face no wear powłoka ścieralna

abradable strip is a strip of material in the compressor housing of some axial-flow gas turbine engines. The tip of the compressor blade touches the abradable strip, and wears, or abrades a groove in it. This groove ensures the minimum tip clearance pasek ścierny

abradable tip is the tip of some axial-flow compressor blades made in such a way that it will wear away when it contacts a compressor casing. Some fan and compressor blade tips are sealed with silicone rubber that contains a 20% filling made of fine glass beads to overcome this problem ścieralna końcowka (łopat sprężarki osiowej)

abraded / starty, obtarty

abrasion (as applied to visual inspection of aircraft components) an area of roughened scratches or marks usually caused by foreign matter between moving parts or surfaces abrazja, ścieranie, wytarcie, otarcie

abrasion resistant PTFE is a solid insulation wall of PTFE with hard, nonconductive grit positioned midway in the wall thickness, and significantly improves the resistance of the PTFE material to damage from wear poli(tetrafluoroetylen) odporny na ścieranie

abrasive means slightly rough, and often used for cleaning surfaces an abrasive cleaner/powder/liquid szorstki, ścierny

abrasive tip is a turbine blade with a hardened insert at the tip, which is able to cut into a turbine shroud ring końcówka ścierna

abreast means side by side and facing the same direction. For example, aircraft flying in line-abreast formation; side-by-side seating as in three-abreast seating obok siebie

abrupt change of section / nagła zmiana przekroju

abscissa is a number on an X-axis that shows the coordinate of a point odcięta (oś “x” w układzie współrzędnych)

absence of procedure is condition for which no prescribed procedure exists absencja procedur

absolute means something total, complete całkowity, absolutny, zupełny

absolute accuracy is the ability to determine present position in space independently, and is most often used by pilots dokładność absolutna

absolute aerodynamic ceiling is the altitude at which an aircraft’s maximum rate of climb falls to zero under specified conditions absolutny pułap aerodynamiczny

absolute altimeter is an aircraft altimeter that determines distance to the Earth by radio measuring the time needed for an emitted wave to reach the Earth and reflect back to the aircraft wysokościomierz do pomiaru rzeczywistej wysokości lotu

absolute altitude is the vertical distance of an airplane above the terrain, or above ground level wysokość rzeczywista lotu (względem terenu lub powierzchni morza)

absolute angle of attack is the acute angle between the chord of an airfoil at any instant in flight and the chord of that airfoil at zero lift kąt natarcia mierzony według linii zerowej siły nośnej

absolute ceiling is the maximum height above sea level at which an aircraft can maintain horizontal flight under standard atmospheric conditions pułap teoretyczny

absolute delay is the time interval between the transmissions of sequential signals. Specifically, in LORAN (long-range navigation), the time interval between transmission of a signal from the A-station and transmission of the next signal from the B-station opóźnienie absolutne

absolute fix is a fix established by two or more position lines crossing at large angles near 90° położenie absolutne

absolute humidity is the amount of water vapour present in a unit volume of air, usually expressed in grams per cubic meter wilgotność bezwzględna

absolute instability is the state of a column of air in the atmosphere when it has a superadiabatic lapse rate of temperature (i.e., greater than the dry-adiabatic lapse rate) niestabilność absolutna

absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gauge pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure ciśnienie bezwględne

absolute pressure controller (APC) or absolute pressure regulator. It is a type of turbocharger controller that limits the maximum discharge pressure the turbocharger’s compressor can build up when the aircraft is flying below its critical altitude. Absolute pressure is indicated by a manifold absolute pressure (MAP) gauge czujnik ciśnienia bezwzględnego

absolute pressure regulator → absolute pressure controller

absolute stability is the state of a column of air in the atmosphere when its lapse rate of temperature is less than the saturation-adiabatic lapse rate stabilność absolutna

absolute stereoscopic parallax is the change in position of an image from one photograph to the next overlapping photograph caused by the aircraft’s motion. It is the algebraic difference between their respective nadirs, measured in a horizontal plane and perpendicular to the air base. It is also the algebraic sum of the distances of corresponding images from their respective nadirs. It is always measured parallel to the flight line absolutna paralaksa stereoskopowa

absolute temperature is a temperature measured from absolute zero in kelvins temperatura bezwzględna

absolute value is thenon-negative value of a number without regard to itssign. The absolute value of a number may be thought of as itsdistance from zero wartość bezwzględna

absolute velocity is the vector sum of the velocity of a fluid parcel relative to the Earth and the velocity of the parcel due to the Earth’s rotation; the east-west component is the only one affected prędkość bezwględna

absolute zero is the lowest temperature that is theoretically possible, at which the motion of particles which constitutes heat would be minimal. It is zero on the Kelvin scale, equivalent to –273.15°C zero bezwzględne

absolutely stable air is an atmospheric condition that exists when the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate absolutnie stabilne warunki atmosferyczne

absolutely unstable air is an atmospheric condition that exists when the environmental lapse rate is greater than the dry adiabatic lapse rate absolutnie niestabilne warunki atmosferyczne

absorbing boundary model collision risk model; Reich-based collision risk models assume that after a collision, both aircraft keep on flying. This one does not. Mainly of theoretical use only model absorbującej granicy

absorption is the process in which incident radiant energy is retained by a substance by conversion to some other form of energy pochłanianie, wchłanianie, absorpcja

ABV → above

ABT → about

AC → access control, air carrier, altocumulus, alternating current

AC external power connection / przyłączenie zewnętrznego prądu

AC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, generated as an alternating current sinusoidal output waveform prądnica prądu zmiennego

AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC) silnik prądu zmiennego

AC power generation is when an electric current is induced by the interaction between charged particles and magnetic fields which converts the kinetic energy of the turbine into the kinetic energy of electrons zasilanie prądem przemiennym

ACA→ Airspace Control Authority

ACARS → Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System

ACAS → Airborne Collision Avoidance System

ACC → Area Control Centre

accelerate means to increase speed • The aircraft accelerated down the runway and took off przyśpieszać → decelerate

accelerated flight means a condition in which the forces acting on an aircraft are not balanced and a net acceleration exists lot przyśpieszony

accelerated stall is a stall that occurs at a higher airspeed than a normal stall due to a higher load factor (g) przyspieszone przeciągnięcie

accelerate-go distance for multi-engine flying, is the distance required to accelerate to V1 with all engines at takeoff power, experience an engine failure at V1, and continue the takeoff on the remaining engine(s). The required runway length includes the distance required to climb to 35 feet by which time V2 speed must be attained długość kontynuowania startu

accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) is the length of the take-off run available plus the length of the stopway, if provided rozporządzalna długość przerwanego startu → TORA, TODA, LDA

accelerating pump is a pump in a carburetor of a reciprocating engine that provides a rich fuel-air mixture when the throttle is suddenly opened. This permits proper acceleration of the engine pompa przyspieszająca

acceleration altitude (AA) or acceleration height. It is the altitude that the aircraft transitions from takeoff speed (V2 15/20) to climb out speed wysokość przyśpieszenia

acceleration control unit (ACU) is a component in the fuel control unit of a gas turbine engine that regulates the rate of increase of fuel to the nozzles when the engine control calls for acceleration. The ACU ensures that the engine does not stall during rapid engine acceleration jednostka sterująca przyśpieszeniem

acceleration datum conditions means the engine conditions, e.g. rotational speed, torque, exhaust gas temperature, as appropriate, from which, during the type endurance test, the specified accelerations to 95% of take-off power and/or thrust is timed wyjściowe parametry przyśpieszenia

acceleration effects or acceleration stress, are physiological changes that occur in the human body in motion as a result of rapid increase of speed efekty przyśpieszenia

acceleration error is a magnetic compass error apparent when the aircraft accelerates while flying on an easterly or westerly heading, causing the compass card to rotate toward North błąd przyśpieszeniowy (busoli)

acceleration height → acceleration altitude

acceleration switch is a switch actuated when there is unusual acceleration. These switches are normally located in emergency locator beacons that operate when an aircraft crashes or is subject to abnormal deceleration włącznik przyśpieszenia

accelerometer is a compact device designed to measure non-gravitational acceleration przyspieszeniomierz, akcelerometr

accept (ACPT) means to receive, especially with a consent or approval • The pilots strike ends as pilot unions accept deal akceptować

accept, accepted (ACPT) • It is accepted that flying by aircraft is the safest sort of transport akceptować/przyjąć, przyjmij, przyjęto

acceptable alternative product is a product that may be used in place of another one for extended periods without technical advice dopuszczalny substytut produktu

acceptable change is a change to configuration, software etc., which qualifies as a potential candidate for alternative approach to validation dopuszczalna zmiana

acceptable deferred defect (ADD) is an identified aircraft defect which has been assessed as being within the requirements of the Minimum Equipment List (MEL) or Configuration Deviation List and has had rectification deferred within a specified limit. Also referred to as a CFD (Carried Forward Defect) dopuszczalne odroczenie zaistnienia usterki

acceptable level of safety (ALoS) defines an aviation service provider’s minimum level of acceptable risk for a given safety issue akceptowalny poziom bezpieczeństwa

acceptable level of safety performance (ALoSP) is the minimum level of safety performance of civil aviation in a State, as defined in its State safety programme, or of a service provider, as defined in its safety management system, expressed in terms of safety performance targets and safety performance indicators akceptowalny poziom bezpieczeństwa

acceptable means of compliance (AMC) means non-binding standards adopted by the EASA to illustrate means to establish compliance with EU Regulation and its Implementing Rules. AMC is primarily used to qualify technical interpretative material to be used in the certification process akceptowalne sposoby spełnienia wymagań

acceptable risk is that part of identified risk that is allowed to persist without further engineering or management action. Making this decision is a difficult yet necessary responsibility of the managing activity. This decision is made with full knowledge that it is the user who is exposed to this risk ryzyko akceptowalne

acceptance (ACP) is a message type designator that means willingness to believe something or agree to do something • There was a growing acceptance that safety and security of the aerodrome was paramount akceptacja

acceptance check list is a document used to assist in carrying out a check on the external appearance of packages of dangerous goods and their associated documents to determine that all appropriate requirements have been met lista kontrolna przyjęcia

acceptance flight is test flight that is done before aircraft changes ownership between manufacturer and airline or leasing company and airline or one airline to another etc. lot odbiorczy

acceptance test is a hardware test witnessed by customers or their representatives to demonstrate the product’s acceptability próbny test sprzętu

accepting unit is the air traffic control unit next to take control of an aircraft organ przyjmujący

access control (AC) is an application of means by which the entry of unauthorised persons or unauthorised vehicles, or both, to certain parts of an airport may be prevented kontrola dostępu

access door is a door that provides access to the interior of an aircraft drzwi wejściowe

access panel or service panel. It is either a replaceable or interchangeable type of quickly removable aircraft-skin panel. Removed to provide access to the interior of the airframe or engine for inspection, servicing, and repairs of components therein pokrywa wziernika (obsługowego)

access platform is a platform mounted on wheels with steps which allows technicians to gain access to the higher parts of the aircraft platforma dostępu

access point is any means of entry into a controlled security area, typically consisting of an electronic card reader, monitor contacts and/or latches, with access points wired to an access control system punkt dostępu

access taxiway is a taxiway that provides access to a particular location or area droga kołowania z dostępem

access/egress link as used in the passenger-handling system, is the link that includes all of the ground transportation facilities, vehicles, and other modal transfer facilities required to move the passengers to and from the airport kanały umożliwiające pasażerom wejście i wyjście

accessories are components that are used with an engine, but are not a part of the engine itself. Units such as magnetos, carburetors, generators, and fuel pumps are commonly installed engine accessories akcesoria, wyposażenie, osprzęt, przybory

accessory drive is a gearbox that forms part of a gas turbine engine skrzynka napędu akcesoriów, napęd agregatu

accessory end → anti-propeller end

accessory gear train is a group of gears that drive an accessory from the crankshaft of a reciprocating engine or from the compressor drive shaft of a gas turbine engine przekładnia akcesoriów

accessory gearbox is the section of an aeroengine that contains the devices to operate such accessories as fuel pump(s), hydraulic and air pumps, and generators. An accessory gearbox is driven by a driveshaft from a bevel bearing connected to a compressor shaft in some gas turbine engines skrzynka napędu akcesoriów

accessory group are mechanical and electrical units mounted on an engine necessary for its operation, such as starter, magnetos, fuel pumps, etc. grupa akcesoriów

ACCID → initial notification of an aircraft accident

accident aircraft is an aircraft that was involved in an accident statek powietrzny, który uległ wypadkowi

accident and serious incident reports are reports relating to accidents and serious incidents which included Air-Ground Communication (AGC) as a causal factor raporty z wypadków i poważnych incydentów lotniczych w zakresie łączności powietrze–ziemia

accident data report / raport informacyjny o wypadku

accident incident reporting system (AIRS) is a confidential human factors reporting system that provides airlines with the necessary tools to set up an in-house human performance analysis system. It was established to obtain feedback from operators on how well Airbus aircraft operate to identify the significant operational and technical human performance events that occur within the fleet; develop a better understanding of how the events occur; develop and implement design changes, if appropriate, and inform other operators of the “lessons learned” from the events system raportowania wypadków i incydentów lotniczych

accident investigation authority / organ badający wypadki

accident is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked, or in the case of an unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time it comes to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down in which: (a) a person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of: being in the aircraft, or direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft, or direct exposure to jet blast, (b) the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which: adversely affects the structural strength, performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component, (c) the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible wypadek

accident prevention measures means all measures taken in an effort to save lives, escape from injury, lessen the degrees of injury, avoid damage to aircraft, reduce treatment and compensation costs, and prevent the loss of productive time and morale środki zapobiegania wypadkom

accident rate is defined as the ratio between the number of accidents which happened in a given year and the number of flights conducted during that same year wypadkowość

Accident/Incident Data Reporting (ADREP) is a system operated and maintained by ICAO. The ADREP system receives, stores and provides States with occurrence data that will assist them in validating safety. In this context, the term ‘occurrence’ includes both accidents and incidents. The system was established in 1976 but has evolved to meet changes in information technology and the aviation industry. The version of the ADREP system in current use is ADREP 2000 system przekazywania danych o incydentach i wypadkach lotniczych

accommodation is the process of the eyes’ focusing. It is also a binocular cue to depth perception akomodacja

accompanied checked baggage or accompanied hold baggage. It means baggage, carried in the hold of an aircraft, which has been checked in for a flight by a passenger travelling on that same flight towarzyszący bagaż rejestrowany

accompanied hold baggage → accompanied checked baggage

accompany means to go or be with, be associated with towarzyszyć

accordion folding is the folding of the canopy for stacking in the container prior to closing składanie na kształt harmonijki

account is a statement explaining one’s conduct • The pilot was asked to give an account of his actions sprawozdanie

accountable manager the term ‘Accountable Manager’ may be used to describe the single individual who is designated as the person responsible to a Regulatory Authority in respect of the functions which are subject to regulation, and carried out by an aircraft operator, an air navigation service provider, an aircraft maintenance and repair organisation or an airport operator. That person is normally expected to be the person who has corporate authority for ensuring that all operations activities can be financed and carried out to the standard required by the Regulator kierownik odpowiedzialny

accredited medical conclusion means the conclusion reached by one or more medical experts acceptable to the Licensing Authority for the purposes of the case concerned, in consultation with flight operations or other experts as necessary orzeczenie medyczne

accredited representative is a person designated by a State, on the basis of his or her qualifications, for the purpose of participating in an investigation conducted by another State. Where the State has established an accident investigation authority, the designated accredited representative would normally be from that authority pełnomocny przedstawiciel

accretion is the growth of a precipitation particle by the collision of a frozen particle with a supercooled liquid water droplet which freezes upon impact narastanie

accretion rate is the speed at which ice is accumulating; it is also referred to as the accumulation rate or build-up rate tempo narastania (lodu)

accumulator 1. a device for storing energy in hydraulic systems akumulator (hydrauliczny) 2. an electric circuit in a calculator or computer, in which the results of arithmetical and logical operations are formed rejestr (część procesora przechowująca dane)

accuracy means a degree of conformance between the estimated or measured value and the true value dokładność

acetylene is a gas composed of two parts of carbon and two parts of hydrogen. When burned in the atmosphere of oxygen, it produces one of the highest flame temperatures obtainable acetylen

acetylene regulator is a manually adjustable device used to reduce cylinder pressure to torch pressure and to keep the pressure constant. They are never to be used as oxygen regulators regulator acetylenowy

ACFT → aircraft

ACI →Airports Council International

acid precipitation is a precipitation, such as rain, snow or sleet, containing relatively high concentrations of acid-forming chemicals that have been released into the atmosphere and combined with water vapor; harmful to the environment kwaśne opady atmosferyczne (np. śniegu, deszczu)

acid rain is rain containing relatively high concentrations of acid-forming chemicals that have been released into the atmosphere and combined with water vapor; harmful to the environment kwaśny deszcz

ACK→ acknowledge

acknowledge (ACK) is a phrase used in radiotelephony communication which means – “let me know that you have received and understood this message” potwierdź

acknowledge by flashing landing lights is the phrase used by ATCO for the acknowledgement by visual means • LPL403 acknowledge by flashing landing lights potwierdź przez miganie światłami lądowania

acknowledge by moving ailerons or rudder is used by ATC for the acknowledgement by visual means • LWL290 acknowledge by moving ailerons potwierdź przez poruszanie lotkami lub sterem kierunku

acknowledge by rocking wings is used by ATCO for the acknowledgement by visual means • LOL153 acknowledge by rocking wings potwierdź przez przechylanie skrzydłami

ACL → Altimeter Check Location

aclinic line is an imaginary line on the Earth’s surface roughly parallel to the geographical equator and passing through those points where a magnetic needle if suspended freely has no dip or inclination and assumes a horizontal position aklina, równik magnetyczny

ACMI → aircraft, crew, maintenance and insurance

ACN → Aircraft Classification Number

acorn nut also referred to as crown hex nut, blind nut, cap nut, domed cap nut, or dome nut (UK) is a nut that has a domed end on one side nakrętka kołpakowa

acoustic earmuffs or ear protectors, ear defenders. These are coverings to protect the ears from loud noise nauszniki (chroniące przed hałasem), ochronniki słuchu

acoustical liners (turbine engine component) are sound absorbing liners used in an engine nacelle or around the tail pipe to reduce the amount of noise produced by the engine wkładki akustyczne

acoustics is the science of the production, transmission, reception, and effects of sound akustyka

ACP → Aeronautical Communication Panel

ACPT → accept

acrid is the term used to describe a sharp, bitter (smell), especially of smoke or fumes drażniący (np. zapach), gryzący (np. dym, opary), ostry

acrobatic flight → aerobatic flight

acronym is a word which is made up of the initial letters of a name, and is pronounced as a word. For example CAA is the acronym for Civil Aviation Authority. VASI is the acronym for Visual Approach Slope Indicator akronim

ACS → Airspace Control System

act of God describes an event outside of human control or activity. It’s usually a natural disaster, such as a flood or an earthquake siła wyższa

act of unlawful interference (AUI) is an act or attempted acts such as to jeopardize the safety of civil aviation and air transport akt bezprawnej ingerencji

action error analysis (AEA) are analyses interactions between machine and humans. Is used to study the consequences of potential human errors in task execution related to directing automated functions analiza błędów działania

active aerodynamic brake / hamowanie przez odwrócenie kierunku ciągu

active clearance control (ACC) is a method used in gas turbines to improve fuel efficiency. This is achieved by dynamically controlling the turbine tip clearance regulacja luzu wierzchołkowego łopatek

active control sidesticks (ACS) or active inceptor systems (AIS) or active sticks. They are transforming pilot controls in fly-by-wire (FBW) aircraft, sending tactile feedback directly into a pilot’s hand in real time. This feedback, also known as tactile cueing, can take the form of various pilot cues – such as variable gradients, force breakouts, detents, ramps, gates, and soft stops – to warn of mode engagements or impending flight envelope limits system aktywnej kontroli

active failure encompasses the unsafe acts that can be directly linked to an accident, such as (in the case of aircraft accidents) a navigation error uszkodzenie elementu, który w następstwie powoduje wypadek lotniczy

active flight control systems are systems that function to prevent undesirable „aircraft” and missile motions or structural loads by autonomously processing outputs from multiple sensors and then providing necessary preventive commands to effect automatic control układy aktywnego sterowania lotem

active inceptor systems (AIS) → active control sidesticks

active load control the goal of active load control is to mitigate damaging loads and control the aeroelastic response of wind turbine blades aktywne sterowanie obciążeniem

active reflector is a device used in primary radar systems for geographical alignment and system performance checking. It generates a signal from a fixed installation with an artificial Doppler shift, which ensures that a fixed target will be presented on a ATC screen after Moving Target Detection or Moving Target Indicator processing aktywny reflektor

active runway or runway in use, duty runway is the runway at an airport that is in use for takeoffs and landings aktywna droga startowa

active waypoint is a way-point to or from which navigational guidance is being provided aktywny punkt drogi RNAV

Activity Catalogue Tool (ACT) provides instant, real-time statistical analysis of an observed sequence, including such measures as frequency of occurrence, duration of activity, time between occurrences and probabilities of transitions between activities. ACT automatically creates a datalog file that provides a detailed description of all observations, as well as a further important statistical description of the concurrence of events and activities narzędzie katalogujące działanie

activity factor (AF) of the blade is a nondimensional function of the propeller plan form designed to express the integrated capacity of the blade elements for absorbing power współczynnik aktywności śmigła

actual calculated landing time (ACLT) is a flight’s frozen calculated landing time. An actual time determined at freeze calculated landing time (FCLT) or meter list display interval (MLDI) for the adapted vertex for each arrival aircraft based upon runway configuration, airport acceptance rate, airport arrival delay period, and other metered arrival aircraft. This time is either the vertex time of arrival (VTA) of the aircraft or the tentative calculated landing time (TCLT)/ACLT of the previous aircraft plus the arrival aircraft interval (AAI), whichever is later. This time will not be updated in response to the aircraft’s progress faktyczny wyliczony czas lądowania

actual carrier means a person, other than the contracting carrier, who, by virtue of authority from the contracting carrier, performs the whole or part of the carriage but who is not with respect to such part a successive carrier przewoźnik faktyczny

actual commence of groundhandling time (ACGT) is the time when ground handling on an aircraft starts can be equal to the Actual In-Block Time (AIBT) (to be determined locally) rzeczywisty czas rozpoczęcia obsługi naziemnej

actual flight time is an amount of time that an airline flight is in the air rzeczywisty czas lotu

actual in-block time is the actual date and time when the parking brakes have been engaged at the arrival stand faktyczny czas zablokowania

actual landing distance (ALD) is the distance used in landing and braking to a complete stop (on a dry runway) after crossing the runway threshold at 50 feet. Actual landing distances are determined during certification flight tests without the use of thrust reverses rzeczywista długość lądowania

actual landing time (ALDT) is the actual date and time when the aircraft has landed (touch down) faktyczny czas lądowania

actual off-block time means the actual date and time the aircraft has vacated the parking position (pushed back or on its own power) rzeczywisty czas odblokowania

actual take-off time means the date and time that an aircraft has taken off from the runway (wheels-up) faktyczny czas startu

actual time en route (ATE) is a term used in flight planning/following to document actual time spent flying between points aktualny czas trasy

actual time of arrival (ATA) is the time an aircraft touches down on arrival rzeczywisty czas przylotu

actual time of departure (ATD) is the time an aircraft becomes airborne rzeczywisty czas odlotu

actual time over is the time at which a flight will actually arrive over an area based on flight plan activation information rzeczywisty czas nad punktem

actuate means to make a machine work or be the reason a person acts in a certain way uruchamiać, poruszać, pobudzać

actuating horn levers attached to aircraft control surfaces to which control cables are connected to move the surfaces dźwignia aktywująca

actuator is a device which changes electrical or hydraulic energy into mechanical motion. The actuator control is sensitive to engine rpm. Actuators are classified as either linear or rotary siłownik, urządzenie uruchamiające

actuator control electronics (ACE) issue the commands that cause the aircraft’s control surfaces to move and keep it on the desired flight path. It is located in the aircraft electronic equipment bay (EE-Bay). They either directly or indirectly control (via remote electronics units) an aircraft’s primary flight-critical surface (rudder, elevators, ailerons, flaperons, and horizontal stabilizers) as well as the multi-functional spoilers and ground spoilers to control and maintain normal flight. They work with the primary flight control computers (FCCs), to provide all normal flight control modes and handling qualities skrzynka kontrolna elektroniki statku powietrznego

actuator rod is a metal bar which physically transfers the actuator’s mechanical output to the device it is designed to actuate trzpień siłownika

acute fatigue is a short-term transient fatigue that often dissipates after some rest or a single sleep period skrajne zmęczenie

AD → aerodrome

ADA → advisory area

adaptive compliant trailing edge (ACTE) is a research project on shape-changing flaps for aircraft wings, intended to reduce the aircraft’s fuel costs and reduce noise during take-off and landing adaptacyjna zgodność (ustalenie, reakcja) krawędzi spływu skrzydła

adaptive compliant wing is a wing which is flexible enough for aspects of its shape to be changed in flight skrzydło adaptacyjnie zgodne

ADC → aerodrome chart, air data computer

Adcock antenna is an antenna array consisting of four equidistant vertical elements which can be used to transmit or receive directional radio waves antena Adcocka (typ anteny nadawczo-odbiorczej)

add/drop multiplexer (A D Multiplexer) synchronous transmission network (SDH or Sonet) can carry multiple channels. An add/drop multiplexer is a device that adds (inserts) or drops (removes) lower-data-rate channel traffic from the higher-rate aggregated channel multiplekser add-drop

added mass or virtual mass is the inertia added to a system because an accelerating or decelerating body must move (or deflect) some volume of surrounding fluid as it moves through it masa związana, masa wirtualna, masa pozorna

addition/additional (ADDN) more than is usual or expected • Many VOR stations also have additional equipment called DME dodatek, dodanie lub dodatkowy

additional name list (ANL) is a list showing the latest changes to the PNL or previous ADL, such as new bookings, cancellations, changes in the fact fields, revised passenger figures per class for a particular flight dodatkowa lista pasażerów

additional national administrative requirements (ANAR) / dodatkowe krajowe wymagania urzędowe dodatkowe krajowe wymagania administracyjne

Additional National Design Requirements (ANDR) / dodatkowe krajowe wymagania projektowe

additional services is an advisory information provided by ATC which includes but is not limited to the following: 1. Traffic advisories. 2. Vectors, when requested by the pilot, to assist aircraft receiving traffic advisories to avoid observed traffic. 3. Altitude deviation information of 300 feet or more from an assigned altitude as observed on a verified (reading correctly) automatic altitude readout (Mode C). 4. Advisories that traffic is no longer a factor. 5. Weather and chaff information. 6. Weather assistance. 7. Bird activity information. 8. Holding pattern surveillance dodatkowe usługi

additive is a chemical substance, often liquid, added to another substance to give it extra qualities. For example additives are used in engine oils to prolong the life of the engine. Anti-icing additives are used in radiator coolants dodatek, domieszka, substancja dodawana do czegoś, poprawiająca np. zapach, wygląd

ADDN → addition, additional

addressing information is the information pertaining to the system or network address of an entity participating in air-ground data link communication and enabling the location of the entity to be unambiguously determined informacja adresowa

adequacy means the fact of being enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose odpowiedniość

adequate aerodrome is an aerodrome on which the aircraft can be operated, taking account of the applicable performance requirements and runway characteristics lotnisko spełniające minima operacyjne statku powietrznego

ADF → automatic direction finder

adhesive is a substance used for sticking objects or materials together; glue klej, spoiwo, przyczepny

adiabatic 1. referring to processes through which heat cannot be lost or gained; 2. referring to a change in temperature in a mass of air, which occurs when the air is compressed or expanded by an increase or decrease in atmospheric pressure and does not involve the air losing heat to, or gaining heat from, its surroundings adiabatyczny (zachodzący bez wymiany ciepła)

adiabatic change is the change in gas or air temperature resulting from a change in air pressure in which heat is neither given out nor taken in przemiana adiabatyczna

adiabatic compression is the compression caused by atmospheric factors, which makes descending air warm up kompresja adiabatyczna

adiabatic cooling is a process in which ascending air is heated by a decrease in atmospheric pressure without heat transfer chłodzenie adiabatyczne

adiabatic expansion is a process in which ascending air is cooled by a decrease in atmospheric pressure without heat transfer rozprężanie adiabatyczne

adiabatic heating is a process in which ascending air is heated by a decrease in atmospheric pressure without heat transfer ogrzewanie adiabatyczne

adiabatic lapse rate the rate at which the temperature changes as the air rises or falls without the heat being taken away from or given to the air mass. The standard adiabatic lapse rate is 3°C/1000 ft, 5.4°F/1000 ft, or 9.8°C/km when air is dry (dry adiabatic lapse rate) and 1.6°C/1000 ft, 2.7°F/1000 ft, or 5.8°C/km when air is saturated (saturated adiabatic lapse rate) gradient adiabatyczny

ADIZ → Air Defence Identification Zone

ADJ → adjacent

adjacent (ADJ) means something which is lying near • The slopes should be the same as those on the adjacent runway pavement surface graniczący, przylegający, sąsiadujący

adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is the ratio between the total power of adjacent channel (intermodulation signal) to the main channel’s power (useful signal) współczynnik mocy sąsiedniego kanału

adjust means to change a condition to make it more satisfactory or to make it operate better. We adjust the fuel-air mixture on the carburetor of a reciprocating engine to get the proper mixture ratio for the best operation of the engine dostosowywać, modyfikować, poprawiać

adjustable means changeable in order to adapt to a different situations regulowany, ustawny

adjustable pitch propeller is one in which the pilot is able to adjust the blade pitch on the ground śmigło nastawne na ziemi

adjustable propeller or adjustable-pitch propeller is a propeller with blades that can be set to a desired pitch on the ground when the propeller is at rest. The pitch of the propeller blades cannot be adjusted in regulowane śmigło

adjustable spanner (adjustable wrench) is a type of spanner that has a jaws gap that can be adjusted according to specific needs as it is used for gripping nuts and bolts of various sizes klucz nastawny

adjustable split die is a tool used for cutting external threads on round stock. The circular die has a split from the threaded hole in its center to its edge. An adjusting screw can spread this split to adjust the depth of the threads being cut regulowana matryca dzielona

adjustable stabilizer → adjustable tailplane

adjustable tailplane or adjustable stabilizer is a tailplane or a stabilizer whose incidence can be adjusted (trimmed) in flight to permit hands-off flying przestawialny statecznik wysokości

adjustable-pitch propeller → adjustable propeller

adjusted delay factor (ADF) means the required delay applied to an aircraft’s proposed departure time when flow control restriction procedures are in effect dostosowany współczynnik opóźnienia

adjusting knob / gałka nastawcza

admission is the permission granted to a person to enter a State by the public authorities of that State in accordance with its national laws przyjęcie

ADO → aerodrome office

ADP → ATFCM daily plan

ADR → advisory route

ADREP → Accident/Incident Data Reporting

ADS → Automatic Dependent Surveillance, Air Data System

ADS-B → Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast

ADS-C → Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Contract

ADS-C agreement is a reporting plan which establishes the conditions of ADS-C data reporting (i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit and frequency of ADS-C reports which have to be agreed to prior to using ADS-C in the provision of air traffic services porozumienie ADS-C

adult (ADT) means a passenger who has reached his/her 12th birthday as of the date of commencement of travel pasażer będący osobą dorosłą

advance means to move forward • The aircraft advanced slowly down the runway posuwać się naprzód, postępować

advance boundary information (ABI) is a notification message used to give advance information on flights and shall be transmitted at a bilaterally agreed time or position (Variable System Parameter) before the common boundary informacja o przecięciu granicy

advance coefficient / posuw względny śmigła, współczynnik posuwu śmigła

Advance Passenger Information System (APIS) is an electronic communications system whereby required data elements are collected and transmitted to border control agencies prior to flight departure or arrival and made available on the primary line at the airport of entry system informatyczny przekazywania informacji o pasażerach

advance purchase excursion fare (APEX) is an international non-cancelable return airfare ticket offered at a heavy discount on the conditions that the ticket is purchased and bookings for departures at either end are made at least 21 days in advance, the minimum gap between departures is of one to six weeks (typically two weeks), the maximum gap between departures is of 12 to 24 weeks (typically 16 weeks), and there are no stopovers. Cancellation of an APEX fare trip usually results in higher than normal penalties taryfa APEX

advance ratio is the ratio between the distance an aircraft moves from one revolution of a propeller(s), under specified conditions, and the propeller’s diameter. It is the ratio of the forward speed divided by the product of rotational speed and the diameter. All propeller performances are compared at the same advance ratio posuw względny śmigła

Advanced Approach and Landing System (AALS) the system that is based on ground-based scanning beams that is set up a broad reference grid in space from which aircraft may determine their position and optimally determine the landing maneuver system zaawansowanego podejścia i lądowania

Advanced Area Navigation (A/RNAV) / zaawansowana nawigacja obszarowa

advanced avionics information system is any cockpit electronic (avionics) system designed to provide information or data to the pilot about aircraft status or position, planned routing, surrounding terrain, traffic, weather, fuel, etc. Advanced avionics systems are generally evidenced by visual displays of integrated information in lieu of mechanical or stand alone instruments for one or two data sets each system zaawansowanej informacji awionicznej

advanced composites means the material that bonds the fibers together in an advanced composite structure. The matrix carries the stresses into the fibers zaawansowane kompozyty

Advanced Flexible Use of Airspace (AFUA) is the project that aims to improve network performance and to provide safe, efficient and accurate information/data flows koncepcja zaawansowanego elastycznego użytkowania przestrzeni powietrznej

Advanced Passenger Information System (APIS) is an electronic communications system whereby required data elements are collected and transmitted to border control agencies prior to flight departure or arrival and made available on the primary line at the airport of entry system zaawansowanej informacji o pasażerach

Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) is a system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface movement rate under all weather conditions within the aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required level of safety zaawansowany system prowadzenia i kontroli ruchu naziemnego

advanced trainer is a trainer aircraft more powerful and complicated than an ab-initio or primary trainer. It may be capable of simulating or performing combat roles, especially when fitted with armament samolot szkolenia zaawansowanego

advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) is the main sensor on U.S. polar orbiting satellites zaawansowany radiometr bardzo dużej rozdzielczości

Advanced Visual Docking Guidance Systems (A-VDGS) or nose-in guidance system or PAPA (Parallel Aircraft Parking Aid). Different technologies are used, but basically they all use a system of lights to guide the crew to the correct position for their aircraft type zaawansowany wizualny system dokowania statków powietrznych

Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) is a technologically advanced processing, display, and telecommunications system that is the cornerstone of the United States National Weather Service’s (NWS) operations zaawansowany interaktywny system pogodowy Stanów Zjednoczonych

advancing blade in a translational flight, is the rotor blade moving forward into the relative airflow (i.e., it is moving in the same direction as the helicopter). Each blade advances through 180° of its travel, normally from dead-astern to dead-ahead. In the case of clock-wise-rotating rotors, the advancing blade will be in the left half of the rotor disc when the helicopter is moving forward; if moving backward, it will be in the right half. If moving sideward to the left, it will be in the rear half; and if moving sideward to the right, it will be in the forward half nacierająca łopata skrzydła

advect means to convey by horizontal mass movement of a fluid poziome przemieszczanie mas powietrza (za pomocą zjawiska adwekcji)

advection 1. a shift in temperature, humidity, or the like resulting from horizontal movement of an air mass (disting. from convection) 2. the horizontal flow of air, water, etc adwekcja, napływ mas powietrza

advection fog is a type of fog that results from air being cooled following its horizontal movement. This could result from either cold air passing across a warmer sea or water surface while mixing with warm air prevailing there, or the air becoming chilled by coming into contact and mixing with cold air associated with a cold surface mgła adwekcyjna

adventure aviation involves carrying passengers who are paying to engage in the aerial operation, or for recreation lotnictwo rekreacyjne

adverse means opposite in position • Due to earlier adverse weather conditions, flights to London were delayed niekorzystny, szkodliwy

adverse pressure gradient occurs when the static pressure increases in the direction of the angle of intersection flow niekorzystny gradient ciśnienia

adverse weather conditions are conditions that may have a negative impact on aircraft handling activities and ground safety niekorzystne warunki pogodowe

adverse yaw is the natural and undesirable tendency for an aircraft to yaw in the opposite direction of a roll. It is caused by the difference in lift and drag of each wing niekorzystne odchylenie

advise (ADZ) to give information to (someone) • The pilot-in-command shall advise ATC of a minimum fuel state by declaring MINIMUM FUEL zawiadom, zawiadomić, doradzić

advise at what time able (AWTA) / powiadom, w jakim czasie jest możliwe

adviser is a person appointed by a State, on the basis of his or her qualifications, for the purpose of assisting its accredited representative in an investigation doradca

advisory airspace is an airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available przestrzeń powietrzna ze służbą doradczą

advisory area (ADA) is a designated area within a flight information region where air traffic advisory service is available obszar ze służbą doradczą

Advisory Board for Performance Review is an independent body appointed to exchange information about the work of best practices and procedures and provide recommendations in respect of performance review of the Single European Sky Komitet Doradczy ds. Weryfikacji Skuteczności Działania

advisory circular (AC) is informational document produced to inform and guide institutions, operations, and individuals within the aviation industry, as well as the general public biuletyn (ogólnik doradczy)

advisory list is an ordered list of data on arrivals displayed at the PVD/MDM of the sector which controls the meter fix lista doradcza

advisory route (ADR) a designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available trasa ze służbą doradczą

advisory service → air traffic advisory service

ADZ → advise

AEA → Association of European Airlines

aerate means to put a gas, especially carbon dioxide or air into liquid so that bubbles are formed napowietrzyć

aeration means charging hydraulic liquid with a gas causing its sluggish movement gazowanie, saturacja

aerial 1. or antenna (US). It is a conductor used with a radio transmitter or receiver to radiate or receive electromagnetic energy antena 2. in or from the air, especially from an aircraft lotniczy, powietrzny (poruszający się w powietrzu)

aerial application or informally crop-dusting is spraying of powdered fungicides or insecticides on crops, usually from an airplane opryskiwanie pól samolotem

aerial camera is a highly specialised instrument developed to enable accurate and consistent imagery of the Earth to be obtained from an aircraft aerial delivery system kamera do zdjęć lotniczych

aerial delivery is another term for the air drop of cargo, vehicle, equipment, and even people to a desired location on the ground zaopatrzenie z powietrza, zrzut powietrzny

aerial display is a display of flying skills and aircraft performance pokaz lotniczy

aerial firefighting is the use of aircraft and other aerial resources to combat wildfires powietrzne gaszenie ognia

aerial photography or airborne imagery, aerophotography means the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object aerofotografia, fotografia lotnicza, zdjęcia lotnicze

aerial survey or air survey. It is a method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons or other aerial methods aerofotogrametria

aerial view or aerial viewpoint, bird’s-eye view. The term aerial view can refer to any view from a great height, even at a wide angle, as for example when looking sideways from an airplane window or from a mountain top widok z lotu ptaka, widok z powietrza

aerial viewpoint → aerial view

aerial work is an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc. prace/usługi lotnicze

Aerial Works Certificate (AWC) is a certificate issued by Civil Aviation Authority that enable subject to provide aerial services certyfikat usług lotniczych

aero club → flying club

aerobatic aircraft is an aircraft that is designed to perform aerobatics statek powietrzny akrobacyjny

aerobatic aviation is the type of aviation that bases on flight as an intentional maneuver involving abrupt change in an aircraft’s attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight lotnictwo akrobatyczne

aerobatic competition is an air sport in which judges rate the skill of pilots performing aerobatic flying zawody akrobatyczne

aerobatic flight or acrobatic flight. These are manoeuvres intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed lot akrobacyjny

aerobatic maneuver or aerial maneuver, aerobatic figure. It is the flight path putting aircraft in unusual attitudes, in air shows, dogfights or competition aerobatics. Aerobatics can be performed by a single aircraft or in formation with several others. Nearly all aircraft are capable of performing aerobatics maneuvers of some kind, although it may not be legal or safe to do so in certain aircraft figura akrobacji lotniczej, figura lotnictwa akrobatycznego

aerobatic performance is an execution of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight wykonanie figury akrobatycznej

aerobatic stunt is a stunt that is performed in flight by an airplane, glider, or the like wyczyn lotnictwa akrobatycznego

aerobatics are maneuvers in which an aircraft is flown under precise control in unusual attitudes (the position of an aircraft determined by the relationship between its axes and a reference such as the horizon) akrobacje (lotnicze)

aerocartography is the process of mapmaking by means of aerial survey kartografia lotnicza

aerocasco or hull insurance is the term used to describe in the general sense of aircraft (vehicle) insurance ubezpieczenie statków powietrznych

aerodiscone antenna is an electrically small antenna for airborne applications in the very-high-frequency and ultra-high-frequency bands; it is derived from, and preserves, the desirable electrical characteristics of the discone antenna and can be designed in various physical shapes antena stożkowo-tarczowa lotnicza

aerodone objects and devices that fly depending on their shape and natural stability and in most cases have no propulsion system. Examples of aerodone are gliders, paper darts, and the most simple free-flight models. Even those airplanes that have been abandoned by their crew but continue to fly fall into this category aerodon

aerodonetics is the study of the stability of aircraft in flight, especially the study of gliders nauka dotycząca lotów ślizgowych i wznoszenia się szybowcem

aerodrome (A/D) (AD) is a defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft lotnisko

Aerodrome Advisory Service (AAS) is a service provided by flight service stations (FSSs) or the military at aerodromes not serviced by an operating control tower. This service consists of providing information to arriving and departing aircraft concerning wind direction and speed, preferred runway, altimeter setting, pertinent known aircraft, pertinent known field conditions, aerodrome taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorized instrument approach procedures. This information is advisory and does not constitute an air traffic control (ATC) clearance służba doradcza lotniska

aerodrome beacon (ABN) or aeronautical beacon, airport beacon, rotating beacon. It is an aeronautical beacon used to indicate the location of an aerodrome from the air latarnia lotniskowa

aerodrome boundary means the geographical limits of an aerodrome property as defined by the local authority granica lotniska

aerodrome certificate is a certificate issued by the appropriate authority under applicable regulations for the operation of an aerodrome certyfikat lotniska

aerodrome chart (ADC) is a map of an aerodrome mapa lotniska

aerodrome climatological summary means concise summary of specified meteorological elements at an aerodrome, based on statistical data lotniskowy opis klimatologiczny

aerodrome climatological table is a table providing statistical data on the observed occurrence of one or more meteorological elements at an aerodrome lotniskowa tabela klimatologiczna

aerodrome control instrument (ADI) / uprawnienie kontroli lotniska instrumentalnej

aerodrome control radio station is a station providing radiocommunication between an aerodrome control tower and aircraft or mobile aeronautical stations radiostacja kontroli lotniska

aerodrome control service is an air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic shall be provided by an aerodrome control tower służba kontroli lotniska

aerodrome control tower or tower is a unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic organ/wieża kontroli lotniska

aerodrome control visual rating (ADV) / uprawnienie kontroli lotniska wizualnej

aerodrome elevation or field elevation, runway elevation, airport height. It is the highest point of the landing area elewacja/wysokość lotniska

aerodrome emergency plan is a part of a National or Local Emergency Plan, and the responsibility for its development is assigned to another entity, different from the aerodrome operator. However, this does not prevent the aerodrome operator from preparing its own plan describing the actions that should be taken during an emergency, in cooperation with the authorities which are responsible for the National or Local Emergency Plan. The purpose of the aerodrome Emergency Plan Document is to provide all the required information to agencies and staff involved in an emergency plan działania w sytuacjach zagrożenia na lotnisku

aerodrome equipment means any equipment, apparatus, appurtenance, software or accessory, that is used or intended to be used to contribute to the operation of aircraft at an aerodrome wyposażenie lotniska

aerodrome facilities means all properties, facilities, buildings, structures, and activities of an aerodrome urządzenia lotniskowe, obiekty lotniskowe

Aerodrome Flight Information Service (AFIS) is the term used to describe the provision of information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of aerodrome traffic at those aerodromes designated for use by international general aviation where the appropriate air traffic services authority determines that the provision of aerodrome control service is not justified, or is not justified on a 24-hour basis lotniskowa służba informacji powietrznej

aerodrome forecast → terminal area forecast

Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit (AFRU) is an electronic, ground based, aviation safety enhancement device, intended for use on the common traffic advisory frequency or mandatory broadcast zones frequency at non-controlled aerodromes lotniskowa jednostka służąca komunikacji lotniskowej

aerodrome ground equipment means any aerodrome equipment which is used to protect the operating air navigation. Any aerodrome ground equipment shall be written into the Register of Aerodrome Ground Equipment. It is categorized as follows: a) → communications equipment b) → radio navigation equipment c) → localization / surveillance radar d) visual aids of navigation e) → automated measurement of meteorological parameters f) → devices and systems for the processing and display of data lotnicze urządzenia naziemne

Aerodrome Ground Movement Chart contains detailed information facilitating the ground movement of aircraft to/from the aircraft stands and the parking/docking of aircraft. The chart is available where, due to congestion of information, details necessary for the ground movement of aircraft cannot be shown with sufficient clarity on the aerodrome chart Mapa Naziemnego Ruchu Lotniskowego

aerodrome identification sign is a sign placed on an aerodrome to aid in identifying the aerodrome from the air znak identyfikacyjny lotniska

aerodrome infrastructure are physical elements and related facilities of the aerodrome infrastruktura lotniskowa

aerodrome layout plan (ALP) or airport layout plan. It is the plan of an airport showing the layout of existing and proposed airport facilities plan lotniska

aerodrome manual contains the main information on the airport’s location, facilities, services, equipment, operational processes, business organisation and management and the Safety Management System instrukcja instrukcja operacyjna lotniska

Aerodrome Mapping Data (AMD) means data collected for the purpose of compiling aerodrome mapping information for aeronautical uses dane kartograficzne lotniska

Aerodrome Mapping Database (AMDB) is a collection of aerodrome mapping data organized and arranged as a structured data set baza danych kartograficznych lotniska

aerodrome master plan is a comprehensive study of an airport that describes the airport’s short-, medium-, and long-term development plans to meet future aviation demand plan generalny lotniska

aerodrome meteorological office is an office designated to provide meteorological service for aerodromes serving international air navigation lotniskowe biuro meteorologiczne

Aerodrome Obstacle Chart (AOC) is the chart of aerodrome on which are aeronautical obstacles are marked. The chart is followed by type and name/title specified mapa przeszkód lotniczych

aerodrome of departure / lotniska odlotu

aerodrome of destination / lotnisko przylotu, lotnisko docelowe

aerodrome of exclusive use according to Polish Aviation Law it is the non-public aerodrome that is used by aerodrome operator, aerodrome users that are mentioned in the documentary registration of the aerodrome and with the aerodrome permission by other users of the aerodrome. Aerodromes of exclusive use are used only for non-commercial flights lotnisko użytku wyłącznego

aerodrome of public use according to Polish Aviation Law it is public aerodrome that is open for all aircrafts on the time that is specified by the aerodrome operator lotnisko użytku publicznego

aerodrome office (ADO) is the office of the service that is performed at the aerodrome biuro lotniska

aerodrome operating minima (AOM) are the limits of usability of an aerodrome for: (a) take-off, expressed in terms of runway visual range and/or visibility and, if necessary, cloud conditions; (b) landing in precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H) as appropriate to the category of the operation; (c) landing in approach and landing operations with vertical guidance, expressed in terms of visibility and/or runway visual range and decision altitude/height (DA/H); (d) landing in non-precision approach and landing operations, expressed in terms of visibility and/or runway visual range, minimum descent altitude/height (MDA/H) and, if necessary, cloud conditions minima użytkowe lotniska

aerodrome operational area 1. The movement area at an aerodrome and its associated strips and safety areas. 2. Any ground installation or facility provided at an aerodrome for the safety of aircraft operations obszar operacyjny lotniska

aerodrome operations duty officer/manager is in charge of assessing, evaluating, coordinating and overseeing the daily airport operations dyżurny operacyjny lotniska

aerodrome operator (AO) is the managing body of an airport which, in conjunction with other activities or otherwise, has the task under national laws or regulations of administering and managing the airport facilities and coordinating and controlling the activities of the various operators present at the airport or within the airport system concerned operator lotniska, zarządzający lotniskiem

aerodrome rail link is a service providing passenger rail transport from an airport to a nearby city kolejowe połączenie komunikacyjne z lotniskiem

aerodrome reference code is a simple method for interrelating the numerous specifications concerning the characteristics of aerodromes so as to provide a series of aerodromes facilities that are suitable for the aeroplanes that are intended to operate at the aerodrome. The aerodrome reference code – code number and letter, which are selected for aerodrome planning purposes kod referencyjny lotniska

aerodrome reference point (ARP) or airport reference point is the designated geographical location of an aerodrome punkt odniesienia lotniska

aerodrome signs are signs installed on airfields to indicate locations, directions, destinations, and the remaining runway distance. The signs also give information and indicate certain mandatory instructions znaki lotniskowe

aerodrome sprayer / polewarka lotniskowa

aerodrome surface inspection is conducted under ATC controlled conditions, using the procedure as defined within the aerodromes standard operating procedure/instruction to establish the conditions of a runway and to identify those areas of a runway surface and strip that may require maintenance in order to restore/maintain to a serviceable level inspekcja nawierzchni lotniska

aerodrome taxi circuit is the specific path of aircraft on the manoeuvring area during specific wind conditions trasa kołowania na lotnisku

aerodrome taxi time means the pre-determined time value from off-block to take-off, expressed in minutes and valid during normal airport operations czas kołowania na lotnisku

aerodrome traffic all traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome ruch lotniskowy

aerodrome traffic circuit or airfield traffic pattern. The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome krąg nadlotniskowy

aerodrome traffic density is the number of movements in the mean busy hour is the arithmetic mean over the year of the number of movements in the daily busiest hour. It is divided into the following categories: (a) light – not greater than 15 movements per runway or typically less than 20 total aerodrome movements; (b) medium – 16 to 25 movements per runway or typically between 20 to 35 total aerodrome movements; (c) heavy – 26 or more movements per runway or typically more than 35 aerodrome movements poziom natężenia ruchu na lotnisku

aerodrome traffic frequency (AFT) is normally designated for active uncontrolled aerodromes that do not meet the criteria to have a Mandatory Frequency (MF) assigned częstotliwość ruchu lotniczego

aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ) is an airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic strefa ruchu lotniskowego

aerodrome visibility operational level (AVOL) means the minimum visibility at or above which the declared movement rate can be sustained lotniskowy poziom widzialności operacyjnej

aerodrome warnings relate to the occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more phenomena: tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, hail, snow, freezing precipitation, hoar frost or rime, sandstorms, dust storms, rising sand or dust, strong surface wind and gusts, squall, and frost ostrzeżenia dotyczące danego lotniska

aerodrome weather information broadcast provides near-to-real-time information on weather parameters transmisja lotniskowej informacji pogodowej

Aerodrome Weather Information Service (AWIS) provides a facility to access real time meteorological observations from the automatic weather station służba informująca o pogodzie na lotnisku

aerodrome without classification is an aerodrome that is not classified according to the State aerodrome categorisation lotnisko bez określonej klasyfikacji

aerodynamic 1. referring to the way in which objects are affected when they move through the atmosphere; 2. referring to a smooth rounded shape which moves easily through the air. Aerodynamic design is a streamlined shape that enables something to move easily through the air aeronautical fixed service (AFS) aerodynamiczny

aerodynamic balance 1. is balance used for the measurement of the forces exerted on the surfaces of instruments exposed to flowing air; frequently used in tests made on models in wind tunnel waga aerodynamiczna 2. is a means of reducing the hinge movement and thereby the physical effort needed to control an aircraft wyważenie aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic blockage thrust reverser is a form of thrust reverser used on turbojet or turbofan engines. Thin airfoils or obstructions are placed in the engine’s exhaust stream to duct the high-velocity exhaust gases forward. These forward-flowing gases create a large amount of aerodynamic drag to decrease the landing roll of the airplane odwracacz ciągu z blokadą aerodynamiczną

aerodynamic brake → air brake

aerodynamic braking 1. the use of aerodynamic drag to slow spacecraft re-entering the atmosphere; 2. the use of airbrakes to retard flying vehicles or objects 3. the use of a parachute or reversed thrust to decelerate an aircraft during landing hamowanie aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic ceiling or coffin corner, Q corner. It is the point (altitude) at which, as the indicated airspeed decreases with altitude, it progressively merges with the low speed buffet boundary where prestall buffet occurs for the airplane at a load factor of 1.0 G aerodynamiczny pułap

aerodynamic center (AC) is the point at which the pitching moment coefficient for the airfoil does not vary with lift coefficient (i.e. angle of attack), making analysis simpler środek aerodynamiczny

aerodynamic characteristics means the performance of a given airfoil profile as related to lift and drag, to angle of attack, and to velocity, density, viscosity, compressibility, and so on charakterystyki aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic chord is a straight line intersecting or touching an airfoil profile at two points; specifically, that part of such a line between two points of intersection cięciwa aerodynamiczna

aerodynamic coefficient is any nondimensional coefficient relating to aerodynamic forces or moments, such as a coefficient of drag or a coefficient of lift współczynnik aerodynamiczny

aerodynamic configuration is the form of an aircraft, incorporating desirable aerodynamic qualities konfiguracja aerodynamiczna

aerodynamic control is a control surface whose use causes local aerodynamic forces sterowanie aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic damping whenever in-flight maneuvers result in rotation of an aircraft about or near its center of gravity, a restoring moment is created by the changed relative airflow. This restoring moment opposes the control demands, and it arrests maneuvers as and when the control demands cease. The effectiveness of the restoring moment (known as aerodynamic damping) is dependent on the dynamic pressure (i.e., indicated air speed). As altitude increases, true air speed increases for the given equivalent air speed, resulting in decreased aerodynamic forces. Thus, at higher altitudes the pilot must apply greater opposite control movements to arrest rotation aerodynamiczne tłumienie drgań

aerodynamic decelerator is any device made from textiles, such as a parachute, that is designed to produce drag spowalniacz aerodynamiczny

aerodynamic design / konstrukcja aerodynamiczna

aerodynamic device is a fixed, nozzle-like opening near the leading edge of an airplane wing ahead of the aileron. A slot acts as a duct to force high-energy air down on the upper surface of the wing when the airplane is fling at a high angle of attack. The slot, which is located ahead of the aileron, causes the inboard portion of the wing to stall fist, allowing the aileron to remain effective throughout the stall urządzenie aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic divergence occurs when a lifting surface deflects under aerodynamic load in a direction which further increases lift in a positive feedback loop. The increased lift deflects the structure further, which eventually brings the structure to the point of divergence dywergencja aerodynamiczna

aerodynamic efficiency is a measure that assesses a design to generate aerodynamic forces for efficient flight parameters. The most common measure of aerodynamic efficiency is the lift/drag ratio skuteczność aerodynamiczna, sprawność aerodynamiczna, wydajność aerodynamiczna

aerodynamic forces are the basic forces: drag, lift, thrust, weight that act on an aircraft in flight that are caused by the movement of air over the surfaces siły aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic heating is the heating of a solid body produced by its high-speed passage through air (or by the passage of air past a static body), whereby its kinetic energy is converted to heat by adiabatic heating, and by skin friction on the surface of the object at a rate that depends on the viscosity and speed of the air nagrzewanie aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic loading is the amount of weight that the wing lifts per unit area of wing obciążenie od sił aerodynamicznych

aerodynamic shape is the shape of an object with reference to the airflow over it. Certain shapes cause an air pressure difference across the surface which produces lift. Other shapes are designed in such a way that they produce the minimum amount of drag kształt aerodynamiczny

aerodynamic trail is a condensation trail formed by adiabatic cooling to saturation (or slight supersaturation) of air passing over the surfaces of high-speed aircraft ślad aerodynamiczny

aerodynamic twist is an intentional variation of the angle of incidence of any aerodynamic surface from root to tip to obtain desired stalling characteristics or a lift distribution pattern zwichrzenie aerodynamiczne, skręcenie aerodynamiczne

aerodynamic twisting force (ATF) is the aerodynamic force that acts on a rotating propeller blade to increase its blade angle. The axis of rotation of a blade is near the center of its chord line, and the center of pressure is between the axis and the leading edge. Aerodynamic lift acting through the center of pressure tries to rotate the blade to a higher pitch angle aerodynamiczna siła skręcająca

aerodynamic twisting moment is the tendency of a propeller or rotor blade to twist toward high pitch. Centrifugal twisting moment opposes aerodynamic twisting moment aerodynamiczny, moment skręcający

aerodynamic wave drag → wave drag

aerodynamical means relating to aerodynamics aerodynamiczny

aerodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the forces generated by air flowing over shaped surfaces called airfoils aerodynamika

aerodyne is any heavier-than-air aircraft, such as an aircraft, that derives the greater part of its lift from aerodynamic forces aerodyna, statek powietrzny cięższy od powietrza

aeroelastic tailoring is the design of an aerodynamic surface whose strength and stiffness are matched to the aerodynamic loads that will be imposed upon it dostosowanie aeroelastyczne

aeroelasticity is the branch of physics and engineering studying the interactions between the inertial, elastic, and aerodynamic forces occurring while an elastic body is exposed to a fluid flow aeroelastyczność

aeroembolism is a sickness especially when caused by rapid ascent to high altitudes and resulting exposure to rapidly lowered air pressure aeroembolizm

aerofoil contour → aerofoil outline

aerofoil or airfoil (US) is a body shaped to produce an aerodynamic reaction (lift) perpendicular to its direction of motion, for a small resistance (drag) force in that plane płat nośny, powierzchnia nośna, profil aerodynamiczny

aerofoil outline or aerofoil contour. It is a line that marks the outer limits of an aerofoil obrys płata

aerofoil profile or airfoil section; airfoil shape; wing section is closed curve defining the external shape of the cross section of an airfoil profil lotniczy, profil płata nośnego

aerofoil profile nose / obrzeże natarcia, nosek profilu lotniczego

aerofoil section → aerofoil profile

aerolastic triangle of forces → Collar forces

aerolastic vibration / drgania aerolastyczne

aerologation is the science of long-range navigation by altimetry. Also known as minimal flight path; pressure pattern flying; single-heading flight meteonawigacja

aerology is the synonym for meteorology, according to official usage in the U.S. Navy until 1957. The study of the free atmosphere throughout its vertical extent, as distinguished from studies confined to the layer of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface aerologia

aeromagnetic survey is a common type of geophysical survey carried out using a magnetometer aboard or towed behind an aircraft badanie aerodetekcyjne, badanie ziemskiego pola magnetycznego ze statków powietrznych

aeromarine means of or relating to aerial navigation above sea or ocean morsko-lotniczy

AEROMATIC propeller is a patented propeller that has counterweights around the blade shanks and the blades angled back from the hub to increase the effects of aerodynamic and centrifugal twisting forces. This propeller automatically maintains a relatively constant RPM for any throttle setting śmigło o zmiennym skoku firmy AEROMATIC

aeromechanics is the science about mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases, involving aerodynamics, thermophysics and aerostatics aeromechanika

aero-medical assessment / orzeczenie lotniczo-lekarskie

aero-medical examiner → aero medical examiner

aeromedical examiner → aero medical examiner

aeromedical means relating to the medical treatment of disorders associated with air or space travel aeromedyczny

aeromedicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the diseases and disturbances arising from flying and the associated physiological and psychological problems medycyna lotnicza

aerometeorograph is a self-recording instrument used on aircraft for the simultaneous recording of atmospheric pressure and humidity meteorograf

aerometer is an instrument designed to measure the density (among other parameters) of the air and some gases aerometr

aeromotor → engine

aeronaut is the pilot of aerostate or a person who operates or travels in a balloon or airship aeronauta, lotnik

aeronautical administrative communications (AAC) communication used by aeronautical operating agencies related to the business aspects of operating their flights and transport services. This communication is used for a variety of purposes, such as flight and ground transportation, bookings, deployment of crew and aircraft or any other logistical purposes that maintain or enhance the efficiency of over-all flight operation administracyjna komunikacja lotnicza

aeronautical advisory station → UNICOM (universal communications) station

aeronautical appliance → appliance

aeronautical beacon is an aeronautical ground light visible at all azimuths, either continuously or intermittently, to designate a particular point on the surface of the Earth latarnia lotnicza

aeronautical broadcasting service is a broadcasting service intended for the transmission of information relating to air navigation lotnicza służba rozgłaszania

aeronautical chart or chart is a representation of a portion of the Earth, its culture and relief, specifically designated to meet the requirements of air navigation mapa lotnicza

Aeronautical Chart of Poland is the chart series that consists of 6 sheets covering the territory of Poland and is printed at a scale of 1:500 000. It is a topographical map containing information significant for VFR flights. The chart covers all airspace structures within vertical limits between GND and FL 95 Lotnicza Mapa Polski

aeronautical communication panel (ACP) is an ICAO working group which is developing Standards and Recommended Practices, as well as guidance material for air-ground and ground-ground aeronautical communications, both voice and data lotniczy panel komunikacyjny

aeronautical data are the representation of aeronautical facts, concepts or instructions in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing dane lotnicze

aeronautical decision-making (ADM) is decision-making in aviation environment. It is a systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances model podejmowania decyzji przez pilota

Aeronautical Events Reports Organiser (AERO) the aim of AERO is to organise and manage incidents and irregularities in a reporting system, to provide graphs and reports, and to share information with other users. AERO is a FileMaker database developed to support the management of the safety department of aviation operators. AERO was created to enhance communication between the safety department and all employees, reduce paper handling, and produce reports organizator raportów zdarzeń lotniczych

aeronautical fixed circuit is a circuit forming part of the aeronautical fixed service (AFS) stałe łącze lotnicze

Aeronautical Fixed Service (AFS) is a telecommunication service between specified fixed points provided primarily for the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficient and economical operation of air services stała służba lotnicza

aeronautical fixed station is a station in the aeronautical fixed service stała stacja lotnicza

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) is a worldwide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of messages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communications characteristics stała telekomunikacyjna sieć lotnicza

Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network group or AFTN group. These are three or more radio stations in the aeronautical fixed telecommunications network exchanging communications on the same radio frequency grupa AFTN

aeronautical ground light is any light specially provided as an aid to air navigation, other than a light displayed on an aircraft lotnicze światło naziemne

aeronautical ground lighting (AGL) is the generic term used to describe the various lighting systems that are provided on an aerodrome for the guidance of pilots operating aircraft both at night and in low visibility conditions lotnicze oświetlenie naziemne

aeronautical industry or aeronautics industry. It is industry that is involved in the study, design, and manufacture of air flight–capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere przemysł lotniczy

aeronautical information is the information resulting from the assembly, analysis and formatting of aeronautical data informacja lotnicza

Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC) is a notice containing information that does not qualify for the origination of a NOTAM or for inclusion in the AIP, but which relates to flight safety, air navigation, technical, administrative or legislative matters Biuletyn Informacji Lotniczych

Aeronautical Information Management (AIM) is the dynamic, integrated management of aeronautical information through the provision and exchange of quality-assured digital aeronautical data in collaboration with all parties zarządzanie informacją lotniczą

Aeronautical Information Manual is a primary FAA publication whose purpose is to instruct airmen about operating in the National Airspace System of the U.S. It provides basic flight information, ATC Procedures and general instructional information concerning health, medical facts, factors affecting flight safety, accident and hazard reporting, and types of aeronautical charts and their use podręcznik informacji lotniczych

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) is a publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation Zbiór Informacji Lotniczych

Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) is a system aimed at advance notification, based on common effective dates, of circumstances that necessitate significant changes in operating practices regulacja i kontrola rozpowszechniania informacji lotniczych

Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) is a service established within the defined area of coverage responsible for the provision of aeronautical information and data necessary for the safety, regularity, and efficiency of air navigation służba informacji lotniczej

aeronautical knowledge is the knowledge about the operation of aircraft and flight wiedza lotnicza

aeronautical meteorological station is a station designated to make observations and meteorological reports for use in international air navigation lotnicza stacja meteorologiczna

Aeronautical Meteorology Programme (AeMP) is a component of the World Weather Watch Programme (WWW), has as its long term objective: the provision of meteorological support to meet the requirements of aviation for safe, economic and efficient air navigation program meteorologii lotniczej

aeronautical mile → nautical mile

Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service (AMSS) is a mobile-satellite service in which mobile earth stations are located on board aircraft; survival craft stations and emergency position-indicating radiobeacon stations may also participate in this service satelitarna ruchoma służba lotnicza

Aeronautical Mobile Service (AMS) is a mobile service between aeronautical stations and aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in which survival craft stations may participate; emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designated distress and emergency frequencies ruchoma służba lotnicza

Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service (AMSS) is a mobile-satellite service in which mobile earth stations are located on board aircraft; survival craft stations and emergency position-indicating radiobeacon stations may also participate in this service satelitarna ruchoma służba lotnicza

Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) 1. communication required for the exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of flight for safety, regularity and efficiency reasons; 2. function of ACARS that is used regularly during a typical flight by the pilots to receive the load sheet prior to departure, to obtain updated weather reports enroute, to report delays to dispatch or even request updated flight plans (for example if a planned cruising altitude is unavailable kontrola operacji lotniczych

Aeronautical Passenger Communication (APC) is the communication relating to the non-safety voice and data services to passengers and crew members for personal communication lotnicza komunikacja pasażerska

aeronautical product means any aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or subassembly, appliance, material, part, or component to be installed thereon produkt lotniczy

aeronautical radio navigation service is a radio navigation service intended for the benefit and for the safe operation of aircraft radionawigacyjna służba lotnicza

Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) a major provider of transport communications and systems engineering solutions for eight industries: aviation, airports, defense, government, healthcare, networks, security, and transportation (firma) ARINC

Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Center (ARCC) / ośrodek koordynacji poszukiwania i ratownictwa lotniczego

aeronautical station is a land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea stacja lotnicza

aeronautical telecommunication agency is an agency responsible for operating a station or stations in the aeronautical telecommunication service agencja telekomunikacji lotniczej

aeronautical telecommunication log is a record of the activities of an aeronautical telecommunication station telekomunikacyjny dziennik lotniczy/korespondencyjny

Aeronautical Telecommunication Network (ATN) is a global internetwork architecture that allows ground, air-ground and avionic data subnetworks to exchange digital data for the safety of air navigation and for the regular, efficient and economic operation of air traffic services lotnicza sieć telekomunikacyjna

aeronautical telecommunication service is telecommunication service provided for any aeronautical purpose telekomunikacyjna służba lotnicza

aeronautical telecommunication station is a station in the aeronautical telecommunication service telekomunikacyjna służba lotnicza

aeronautics is the branch of science that deals with flight and with the operation of all types of aircraft aeronautyka

aeronautics industry → aeronautical industry

aeroneurosis or aviator’s neurasthenia, aviator’s stomach, flying sickness, flying stress, flying staleness is a condition described in 1936 as apprehensiveness, increased alertness, anxiety, restlessness, stomach pains and digestive problems in pilots with 1- to 18-years of experience, attributed to prolonged flying in low oxygen environments and the tension of flying. It is of limited validity, as the factors causing it may have been eliminated by pressuring the cabins nerwica lotników, wyczerpanie lotami

aeronomy is the study of the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere, including the distribution of temperature, density, and chemical constituents, and the chemical reactions that occur aeronomia (dział meteorologii)

aeropathy is the pathological condition induced by a change in the atmospheric pressure choroba powietrzna

aeropause is the indefinite boundary in the upper atmosphere beyond which the air is too thin for conventional aircraft to operate dziura powietrzna

aerophotography → aerial photography

aerophysics is the branch of physics that studies the Earth’s atmosphere, especially the effects upon the atmosphere of objects flying at high speeds or at high altitudes aerofizyka

aeroplane (AP) or airplane or plane. It is a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight samolot

aeroplane call-sign → aircraft call sign

aeroplane cloth or aircraft fabric is a strong fabric made from cotton, linen, and nylon yarns, used for some light aircraft fuselages and wings materiał lotniczy

aeroplane reference field length is the minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air and zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane flight manual prescribed by the certificating authority or equivalent data from the aeroplane manufacturer referencyjna długość pola do startu samolotu, referencyjna długość startu statku powietrznego

aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot means a type of aeroplane which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate samolot, który musi być pilotowany z drugim pilotem

aerosinusitis or barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. It is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the cavities barotrauma zatok nosowych, zapalenie zatok nosowych wywołane nagłą zmianą ciśnienia

aerosol is a liquid or solid that is divided into extremely fine particles and dispersed into the air. Smoke is an aerosol of carbon and ash, and a cloud in the sky is an aerosol of water droplets. Modern aerosol products such as paint, hair spray, and insecticides are usually liquids broken into tiny drops and sprayed into the air by the use of a gaseous propellant such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or Freon aerosol

aerosols or aerosol dispensers are non-refillable receptacles containers made of metal, glass or plastic and containing a gas, compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure, with or without a liquid, paste or powder, and fitted with a release device allowing the contents to be ejected as solid or liquid particles in suspension in a gas, as a foam, paste or powder or in a liquid state or in a gaseous state aerozole lub dozowniki aerozoli

AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe (ASD) represents the Aeronautics, Space, Defence and Security Industries in Europe with the objective of promoting and supporting the competitive development of the sector Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Przemysłu Lotniczego

aerospace is a term used to collectively refer to the atmosphere and outer space przestrzeń powietrzna i kosmiczna

aerostat is a lighter than air craft (the average density of the craft is lower than the density of atmospheric air) that gains its lift through the use of a buoyant gas. Aerostats include unpowered balloons and powered airships aerostat

aerostatics 1. the branch of statics that deals with gases in equilibrium and with gases and bodies in the gases in equilibrium with one another; 2. the science of lighter-than-air aircraft aerostatyka

aerostation is the art or science of operating lighter-than-air aircraft lotnictwo balonowe, baloniarstwo

aerostructure is a component of an aircraft’s airframe. This may include all or part of the fuselage, wings, or flight control surfaces aerostruktura

aerothermochemistry the study of chemical thermodynamics as applied to aerodynamics aerotermochemia

aerothermoelasticity is the study of the effects of thermodynamic heating and loading on elastic materials or structures aerotermoelastyczność

aero-thread / gwint okrągły z wkładką śrubową

aerotitis media is the traumatic inflammation of the middle ear resulting from differences between atmospheric pressure and pressure in the middle ear and occurring in high-altitude flyers barotrauma uszna, zapalenie ucha środkowego wywołane zmianą ciśnienia atmosferycznego

aerotow → aero-tow

aero-tow or aerotow. It is the act or an instance of towing a glider with an airplane. During an aerotow, a sailplane is towed behind a power aircraft and then is released to soar lot holowany, holowanie za samolotem

aerotriangulation is a method of determining the coordinates of points of a terrain on the basis of aerial photographs aerotriangulacja

aerozine is a hydrazine mixed 50:50 with dimethylhydrazine; the most-used bipropellant rocket fuel aerozyna

AES → Aircraft Earth Station

AFCS → Automatic Flight Control System

affected aircraft • It issued an Airworthiness Directive on 30 April stipulating that affected aircraft should be modified before being permitted to fly again statek powietrzny, którego to dotyczy

affective domain is a grouping of learning levels associated with a person’s attitudes, personal beliefs, and values, which range from receiving through responding, valuing, and organization to characterization sfera afektywna

affirm is a phrase used in radiotelephony communication which means – “yes” tak/ potwierdzam

AFIL → flight plan filed in the air

AFS → Aeronautical Fixed Service

aft means at, close to, or toward the stern of the tail of an aircraft znajdujący się z tyłu, ku ogonowi, w ogonie

AFT → after

aft boundary • The protection zone is designed such that if the trail aircraft stays within this zone, it is guarded from the wake of the lead (via the aft boundary), and both aircraft are protected from a collision should either aircraft blunder (via the forward boundary) tylna linia graniczna

aft cargo compartment door / tylne drzwi do przedziału cargo

aft entry door / tylne drzwi wejściowe do samolotu

aft flap is the rear section of a triple-slotted, segmented wing flap tylna flapa

aft galley service door / tylne drzwi do kuchni w samolocie

aft light is the white navigation light that is placed as far aft as possible on the tail or each wing tip światło znajdujące się na ogonie statku powietrznego

aft overhead cockpit panel / tylny podsufitowy panel kokpitu

after (AFT) in AIS publication usually used in a meaning after time or place po, za

after bottom center (ABC) the position of a piston in the cylinder of a reciprocating engine after the crankshaft, turning in its normal direction of rotation, that has caused the piston to pass the bottom of its stroke and start back up po górnym położeniu tłoka

after bottom dead center (ABDC) when a piston travels the length of its stroke, in normal operation, it is said to have reached bottom dead center when it is at the lowest position in the cylinder, closest to the crankshaft. The point at which the piston is starting to travel back up on its stroke is called after bottom dead center po zwrocie kukorbowym

after top (dead) centre (ATDC) is a term used in timing the relation of the spark and the crankshaft po zwrocie odkorbowym

after top center (ATC) is the position of a piston in the cylinder of a reciprocating engine after the crankshaft, turning in its normal direction of rotation, that has caused a piston to pass the top of its stroke and start back down po dolnym położeniu tłoka

afterbody is the rear part of an aircraft’s fuselage tylnia część statku powietrznego

afterbody length is the length from the step, to the stern of a float, or hull of a flying boat długość tylnej części statku powietrznego

afterburner is an additional component present on some jet engines, mostly military supersonic aircraft dopalacz

afterburning is a mode of engine operation wherein a combustion system fed (in whole or part) by vitiated air is used dopalanie

afterfiring is a condition in which too much fuel has been sent into the cylinder of a reciprocating engine. As a result, some of the fuel is still burning when it is forced out. This fuel continues burning in the exhaust system dodatkowe spalanie

after-flight inspection or after-flight servicing, postflight inspection. General examination after flight for obvious defects, correction of defects reported by aircraft crews, replenishment of consumable or expendable stores, and securing aircraft przegląd techniczny po zakończeniu lotu

after-flight servicing → after-flight inspection

afterglow the glow that remains on the phosphorescent screen of a cathode ray tube after the electron beam passes poświata

aft-fan engine is a turbofan engine with the fan mounted behind the compressor section. The blades of an aft-fan are normally extensions of the free turbine blades silnik turbinowy dwuprzepływowy z tylnim wentylatorem

AFTN → Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network

AFTN communication centre is an AFTN station whose primary function is the relay or retransmission of AFTN traffic from (or to) a number of other AFTN stations connected to it ośrodek łączności AFTN

AFTN destination station is an AFTN station to which messages and/or digital data are addressed for processing for delivery to the addressee stacja końcowa AFTN

AFTN entry-exit points are centres through which AFTN traffic entering and leaving an ICAO Air Navigation Region should flow punkty wejścia-wyjścia AFTN

AFTN origin station is an AFTN station where messages and/or digital data are accepted for transmission over the AFTN stacja początkowa AFTN

AFTN station is a station forming part of the aeronautical fixed telecommunication network (AFTN) and operating as such under the authority or control of a State stacja AFTN

again (AGN) one more time • All stations should be advised when the SELCAL installation is again functioning normally ponownie

against 1. in relation to, compared with • the airspeed against angle of attack ratio was a concern wobec, w stosunku do 2. in contact with • the aircraft overran the end of the runway and came to a stop against the boundary fence o coś  (np. opierać się)

against the wind / pod wiatr

Age Exploration Programme (AEP) The concept of age exploration is based on the fact that mechanical equipments have an inherent reliability. Age exploration collects and analyzes operating data to determine the exact effect operating age has on it program badania kalendarzowego

age hardening is the process of increasing the hardness of a metal after the heat-treat process. Age hardening occurs at room temperature and continues for a period of several days until the metal reaches its fully hardened state utwardzanie wydzieleniowe

age of the moon is a way of expressing Moon’s phase. It counts the number of days since the last new moon okres czasu liczony od nowiu

ageing aircraft An aircraft begins to age as soon as it first flies and various effects of aging begin to occur almost immediately. However, the term is usually applied to the issues which can begin to arise as the time-since-new becomes significant and greater than the average age of similar class aircraft starzejący się statek powietrzny

ageing, fatigue and corrosion control programmes / programy kontroli procesów starzenia się, zużycia i korozji

agent handling → company handling

ageostrophy or ageostrophic flow is the difference between the actual wind or current and the geostrophic wind or geostrophic current ageostrofia

agile aircraft is an aircraft that is highly maneuverable plane samolot zwrotny

AGL → above ground level

AGN → again

agonic line is an irregular imaginary line across the surface of the Earth along which the magnetic and geographic poles are in alignment, and along which there is no magnetic variation agona, izogona zerowa

agravic illusion or oculoagravic illusion. An apparent movement of a target in the visual field due to otolith response in zero gravity złudzenie okulograficzne

agreed point is a predetermined point on the ground, identifiable from the air, and used when aircraft assist in fire adjustment uzgodniony punkt

agricultural aircraft is an aircraft that has been built or converted for agricultural use samolot do zadań rolniczych

ahead means in front of the aircraft • there is traffic ahead at 10 o’clock na przedzie, z przodu

ahead of the aircraft is a desirable condition meaning that the flight crew can anticipate what the aircraft will do and what they should plan for in advance: the crew must stay ahead of the aircraft at all times przewidywać zachowanie statku powietrznego

AIC → Aeronautical Information Circular

aid to navigation (ATON) → navigational aid

AIDC → Air Traffic Services Interfacility Data Communication

Aided Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) means, in the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a visual flight rules (VFR) flight performed at night when a crew member is using night vision goggles (NVG) lot nocny z użyciem systemu noktowizyjnego

Aided Night Vision Imaging System (aided NVIS) flight means, in the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a visual flight rules (VFR) flight performed at night when a crew member is using night vision goggles (NVG) lot ze wspomaganiem systemem noktowizyjnym

ailavator → elevon

aileron is a part on the back edge of an aircraft’s wing in a form of movable flap on a wing, near the tip. When one wing’s aileron is raised, the other one is lowered. This motion tilts, or rolls, the plane to one side or the other lotka (część skrzydła w samolocie)

aileron action is the process of aileron performance działanie lotek

aileron angle is the angle of deflection of an aileron from its neutral position. This angle is negative when the aileron’s trailing edge is below its neutral position and positive when the trailing edge is above the neutral position kąt wychylenia lotki

aileron buzz is a very rapid oscillation of an aileron, at certain critical air speeds of some aircraft, which does not usually reach large magnitudes nor become dangerous. It is often caused by shock-induced separation of the boundary layer brzęczenie lotki

aileron drag is the yawing effect caused by the asymmetric drag of ailerons. Though present at all angles of attack, it becomes prominent at the stalling angle. The down-going aileron is normally deflected through a greater angle than the up-going ailerons; hence, the differential drag they produce results in the yaw opór lotki

aileron droop the purpose is to use the ailerons as wing flaps. Wing flaps increase the lift generated by the wings at low speed. They occupy a good part of the trailing edge of the wing, except for the outer part, where the ailerons are. By deflecting both the ailerons downwards, they change the wing camber and act like simple plain flaps. They can still act as ailerons, by normal differential deflection opuszczenie lotek

aileron reversal is an adverse effect when an aircraft rolls in the reverse direction of the aileron input. This can be caused by the following: 1. Aerodynamic twisting of the wing caused by ailerons as speed is increased, which may reduce, neutralize, or reverse the direction of the lift. Aileron reversal results if the aileron structure is insufficiently stiff in torsion. The effect is most pronounced at nearsonic speeds. 2. In some aircraft, very low speeds. The descending aileron increases the angle of attack of that portion of the wing, resulting in stall of the wing that should be moving upward and causing it to drop odwrotne działanie lotek

aileron roll is a flight maneuver in which an airplane is rotated about its longitudinal axis through a full 360 degrees by means of the ailerons without altering its flight path beczka sterowana (akrobacja lotnicza)

aileron spar is a spar that extends only part of the span of the wing and provides a hinge attachment point forthe aileron. Also refered to as false spar dźwigar lotki

aileron station is a system of location designation of ailerons. An aileron station is measured outboard from, and parallel to, the inboard edge of the aileron, perpendicular to the lateral axis umiejscowienie lotki

aileron displacement is the action of moving aileron from its position wychylenie lotki

aileron drop means making the ailerons fall vertically opuszczenie lotek

ailevator → elevon

AIM → Aeronautical Information Management

aiming error is an error that results from a miscalculation of latitude, longitude, distance, and wind effect or from positioning the aiming index away from the correct one. This results in the armament impacting away from the desired point błąd celowania

aiming point is the point on the runway where a pilot aims to touch down. The marking is indicated in the illustration punkt celowania

AIP → Aeronautical Information Publication

AIP amendment means permanent changes to the information contained in the AIP zmiana do AIP

AIP supplement contains temporary changes to the information contained in the AIP which are published by means of special pages suplement do AIP

air (A) 1. is a physical mixture of gases that surrounds the earth and forms its atmosphere powietrze 2. travel in an aircraft • I like air travels • an air crash/disaster air safety lotniczy, powietrzny

Air Accident Investigation Branch (AAIB) is a branch of the Department for Transport in the United Kingdom investigates civil aircraft accidents and serious incidents within the UK, its overseas territories and crown dependencies (brytyjska) agenda rządowa odpowiedzialna za badanie wypadków w lotnictwie cywilnym (Wielkiej Brytanii i terytoriach zależnych) → NTSB, SCAAI

air adapters are components in a centrifugal compressor gas turbine engine. Their purpose is to deliver air from the diffuser to the individual can-type combustion chambers at the proper angle adaptery powietrza

air admission / doprowadzenie powietrza, dopływ powietrza

air bind is the presence of air in a conduit or pump which impedes passage of the liquid korek powietrzny (np. w przewodzie)

air bleed is a small hole in the fuel passage between the float bowl and the discharge nozzle of a float carburetor. This air bleed provides a more even mixture over a wide range of airflows to improve atomizing the fuel and reduces the size of the fuel metering force needed. This decreases the amount of restrictions at the Venturi tube dysza powietrza dodatkowego (w gaźniku)

air brake or aerodynamic brake or speedbrake. It is a device that is a type of flight control surfaces used on an aircraft to increase drag or increase the angle of approach during landing hamulec aerodynamiczny, hamulec pneumatyczny

air capacitor is a capacitor that uses air as the dielectric kondensator powietrza

air cargo manifest is a document issued by an aircraft operator, and available in hard copy or electronic form. This document contains the details of consignments loaded on to a specified flight and provides a list of all the air waybill and master air waybill numbers referring to the goods loaded on to an aircraft. The nature of the goods, weight, and number of pieces composing each consignment on a specified flight, and the unit of loading used, are also identified manifest ładunkowy

air carriage is the act or process of transporting or carrying by air przewóz lotniczy

air carrier or air transport operator. It is an enterprise that engages in provision of transportation services by aircraft for remuneration or hire przedsiębiorstwo lotnicze, przewoźnik lotniczy

air carrier mail means mail whose origin and destination are both an air carrier poczta przewoźnika lotniczego

air carrier materials means materials either whose origin and destination are both an air carrier or that are used by an air carrier materiały przewoźnika lotniczego

air column can be defined as the weight or pressure of the air in a certain space słup powietrza

air commerce means the carriage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, when that carriage is a major enterprise for profit and not merely incidental to a person’s other business przewóz komercyjny

air conditioning is the process of treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the requirements of a conditioned space. In combination with pressurization, complete environmental control is possible klimatyzacja

air conditioning system is an environmental control system whose function is to maintain a comfortable air temperature within the aircraft fuselage system klimatyzacyjny

air consignment note → air waybill

air construction safety factor is the ratio of immediate strength to the limit. The values of the coefficients are defined in the regulations for the construction of aircraft structures and is greater than 1 współczynnik bezpieczeństwa konstrukcji lotniczej

air cooled oil cooler (ACOC) is a device which cools the oil by means of air flow chłodnica oleju

air cooling means the removal of unwanted heat by transferring it directly into the air that flows over the component chłodzenie powietrzem

air cooling of the blade system / powietrzne chłodzenie układu łopatkowego

air corridor is a route that aircraft must take through an area in which flying is restricted korytarz powietrzny

air crash is a crash involving one or more aircraft katastrofa statku powietrznego

air crew → aircrew

air current is a current or flow of air • a rising or descending current of air przepływ powietrza, prąd powietrzny

air cushion landing gear is the landing gear system that uses a cushion of air to support the weight of an aircraft during taxi, takeoff, and landing podwozie poduszkowe, podwozie na poduszce powietrznej

air cycle and vapour cycle machines / urządzenia zapewniające obieg i wymaganą wilgotność powietrza

air cycle machine (ACM) is the refrigeration unit of the environmental control system (ECS) used in pressurized gas turbine-powered aircraft generator obiegu powietrza

air cylinder is a cylinder in which air is compressed by a piston, in which compressed air is stored, or in which a piston is driven by air pressure cylinder powietrzny

air damper valve on an airship, is a valve that controls the amount of air forced into a ballonet zawór przepustnicy powietrza

Air Data Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (ADAHRS) is an integrated flight instrument system that combines the functions of an air data computer (the “AD” short for ADC) and an Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) into one unit układ informujący o danych lotniczych, położeniu i kursie

air data boom provides air pressure, temperature, and airflow direction data to data acquisition systems for the computation of air, ground, and water vehicle orientation, speed, altitude/depth, and related information. Air data booms can be used as primary sensors or as a “measurement standard” of which primary sensors and instruments are compared to. An air data boom may be referred to by a variety of names, including: flight test boom, vehicle test boom, nose boom, wing boom, YAPS head (for Yaw-And-Pitch Sensor head) maszt danych lotniczych

air data computer (ADC) is used by aircraft to acquire and process data from sensors (such as pitot tubes and avionics buses) to obtain key air data parameters such as altitude, airspeed, height deviation and temperature to ensure safe and accurate flight detail, on both rotary and fixed wing aircraft centrala aerometryczna, komputer danych aerodynamicznych

Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS) is the system that computes aircraft position, speed, altitude, attitude, and air data for the displays, flight management guidance system, flight controls, engine controls, and other systems system inercyjnej jednostki referencyjnych danych lotniczych

Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) is a key component of the integrated Air Data Inertial Reference System (ADIRS), which supplies air data (airspeed, angle of attack and altitude) and inertial reference (position and attitude) information to the pilots’ electronic flight instrument system displays as well as other systems on the aircraft such as the engines, autopilot, aircraft flight control system and landing gear systems inercyjna jednostka referencyjna danych lotniczych

air data module (ADM) is a component of the navigation system. Each unit converts pneumatic (air pressure) information from a pitot tube or a static port into numerical information which is sent on a data bus. This pressure information is received and processed by the Air Data Reference (ADR) component of the Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU). This processed information is then sent to one or more display management computers that present information on the cockpit’s primary flight display. Airspeed information is also sent to the flight computers and other electronics, including the autoflight subsystem (e.g. flight management and guidance system) moduł danych lotniczych

Air Data Reference (ADR) is the component of an ADIRU that provides airspeed, Mach number, angle of attack, temperature and barometric altitude data. Ram air pressure and static pressures used in calculating airspeed are measured by small ADMs located as close as possible to the respective pitot and static pressure sensors. ADMs transmit their pressures to the ADIRUs through ARINC 429 data buses odniesienie do danych lotniczych

Air Data System (ADS) provides all essential physical measurements and data required for safe flight zespół przyrządów pokładowych statku powietrznego

Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) means special designated airspace of defined dimensions within which aircraft are required to comply with special identification and/or reporting procedures additional to those related to the provision of air traffic services (ATS) strefa rozpoznawcza obrony powietrznej

air density is the density of the air in terms of mass per unit volume. Dense air has more molecules per unit volume than less dense air. The density of air decreases with altitude above the surface of the Earth and with increasing temperature gęstość powietrza

air disaster is a very serious air crash in which a lot of people are killed or injured All people on board die in Indonesia’s worst air disaster katastrofa lotnicza

air display → air show

air distance (AD) is a distance measured relative to the mass of air through which an aircraft passes. The no-wind distance flown in a given time. It is equal to the product of true air speed (TAS) and time. Also, it considers the distance increase caused by the altitude above the Earth’s surface zasięg względem powietrza

air drag → air friction

air duct is a duct or pipe for conveying air (as to the rooms of a house or ship for ventilation or to a furnace) przewód wentylacyjny

air fair → air show

air fare or scheduled air fare. It is a price expressed in euro or in local currency to be paid to air carriers or their agents or other ticket sellers for the carriage of passengers on air services and any conditions under which those prices apply, including remuneration and conditions offered to agency and other auxiliary services taryfa lotnicza

air freight bill is a bill rendered by an air cargo carrier to a consignee of freight and containing an identifying description of the freight, the name of the shipper, the point of origin of the shipment, its weight, and the amount of charges konosament lotniczy

air friction or air drag, is an example of fluid friction. Unlike the standard model of surface friction, such friction forces are velocity dependent opór aerodynamiczny

air fuel mixture ratio or air fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio ofair to a solid, liquid, or gaseousfuel present in acombustion process. In aninternal combustion engine or industrial furnace, the air-fuel ratio is an important measure for anti-pollution and performance-tuning reasons. If exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the fuel, the ratio is known as thestoichiometric mixture, often abbreviated to stoich współczynnik nadmiaru powietrza

air fuel ratio (AFR) → air fuel mixture ratio

air gap 1. air-filled gap in a magnetic or electric circuit (as the space between the field-magnet poles and the armature in a dynamo or motor) szczelina powietrzna; 2. wysokość unoszenia się poduszkowca (mierzona między podłożem i dolną krawędzią osłon bocznych)

air hole → air pocket

air hunger is a sensation of not being able to breathe in sufficient air or of needing to breathe in more air that typically results in deep, rapid, labored breathing and occurs especially in those affected with acidosis głód tlenowy

air impingement 1. involves a high velocity air jet (10–100 m/s) striking against an object to be cooled or heated prędkość uderzenia powietrza 2. the aircraft finish defect. A fault resembling haze in an enamel or lacquer finish of an aircraft. Air impingement is caused by microscopic-sized bubbles in the finish that form when the finishing material is applied using too high an atomizing air pressure uderzanie powietrza

air impingement starting system is a type of starting system for gas turbine engines in which initial rotation to the compressor is produced by compressed air. The compressed air is supplied by either a running engine or a ground power unit and is directed onto the turbine blades or centrifugal compressor system zapłonu skompresowanym powietrzem

air inlet → intake

air inlet controller (AIC) / sterownik wlotu powietrza

air inlet duct is the portion of the aircraft ahead of the engine compressor that takes the air into the aircraft and directs it into the engine at the correct speed and direction przewód dolotowy

air intake → intake

air interchanger / wymiennik powietrza (w tunelu aerodynamicznym)

air leakage is an air which escapes from a joint, coupling etc. uchodzenie powietrza (np. z kabiny ciśnieniowej)

air load is the aerodynamic load on a moving airfoil obciążenie od sił aerodynamicznych

air lock is an intermediate chamber with two airtight doors or openings to permit passage between two dissimilar spaces (such as two places of unequal atmospheric pressure) śluza powietrzna

air log → logbook

Air Man-Machine Integrated Design and Analysis System (Air-MIDAS) is predictive model of human operator performance (flight crew and ATC) to evaluate the impact of automation developments in flight management and air traffic control. The model is used to predict the performance of flight crews and ATC operators interacting with automated systems in a dynamic airspace environment. The purpose of the modelling is to support evaluation and design of automated aids for flight management and airspace management and to predict required changes in both domains system zintegrowanego projektowania i analizy relacji człowiek-maszyna

air marker is an alphanumeric or graphic symbol on the ground or building surfaces to give guidance to pilots in flight. An example of an air marker is a red cross painted on the roof of the buildings to indicate that these are hospitals marker powietrzny

air marshal → sky marshal

air masks → aircraft emergency oxygen systems

air mass is a large body of air having characteristics of temperature, moisture, and pressure that are approximately uniform horizontally masa powietrza

air medical services is a comprehensive term covering the use of air transportation, aeroplane or helicopter, to move patients to and from healthcare facilities and accident scenes lotnicza służba ratownictwa medycznego

air metering force (fuel metering system) is the force used in pressure carburetors and certain fuel injection systems to determine the amount of fuel to be metered into the engine. The air metering force is a balance between ram air pressure picked up by impact tubes and a low pressure produced in a venture siła dozowania powietrza

air mile → nautical mile

air miss or near miss is a situation in which two aircraft pass very close to one another in the air niebezpieczne zbliżenie statków powietrznych w powietrzu

air navigation is an art of conducting aircraft from place of departure to predetermined destination, or along intermediate routes żegluga powietrzna

Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The Commission considers and recommends Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) for adoption or approval by the ICAO Council Komisja Żeglugi Powietrznej

air navigation equipment / wyposażenie nawigacyjne (statku powietrznego)

air navigation facility is any facility used, available for use, or designated for use as an aid in air navigation. This includes landing areas, lights, and any apparatus or equipment for disseminating weather information. It also includes radio and other electrical communications equipment used for signaling, for radio-directional finding, and for guiding or controlling the takeoff and landing of aircraft and for flight in the air obiekty i urządzenia żeglugi powietrznej

Air Navigation Plan (ANP) defines the planning and implementation of air navigation systems within a specified region(s), in accordance with the agreed global and regional planning framework plan nawigacji powietrznej

Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) is any public or private entity providing air navigation services for general air traffic instytucja zapewniająca służby żeglugi powietrznej

air navigation services are air traffic services; communication, navigation and surveillance services; meteorological services for air navigation; and aeronautical information services służba żeglugi powietrznej

air nozzle is a device used control the direction or characteristics of air flow by converting pressure into flow dysza powietrzna

air operation 1. is performance of an aircraft in the air or on the ground operacja lotnicza 2. is air transport operations and commercial transport operations in small, medium and large aeroplanes, and helicopters działanie operacyjne lotnictwa

air operations area means any portion of the airport designed and used for landing, taking off, or surface maneuvering of airplanes obszar operacji lotniczej

air operator is a person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation operator

Air Operator Certificate (AOC) is a certificate authorizing an operator to carry out specified commercial air transport operations certyfikat operatora lotniczego, certyfikat przewoźnika lotniczego

air parcel is an imaginary volume of air to which may be assigned any or all of the basic dynamic and thermodynamic properties of atmospheric air cząstka powietrza

air piracy or aircraft piracy. It is the hijacking of an aircraft especially in flight piractwo powietrzne

air plot is the calculation of the ground position of an aircraft by first determining its air position from its speed in the air and heading information, and then correcting for wind effects wykres lotniczy, planszet lotniczy

air pocket is an area in the sky where the air is flowing differently from the way it is in the surrounding parts. Air pockets can sometimes cause aircraft to go up or down suddenly dziura powietrzna

air policing 1. the use of interceptor aircraft, in peacetime for the purpose of preserving the integrity of a specified airspace; 2. a special type of activities during peace and crisis, carried out by the aircraft of the active duty Air Force of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and as part of the Air Defense System of the Republic of Poland to ensure the inviolability of protected airspace, protection of the population and armed forces against air attack and assistance to crews of aircraft in danger or distress patrolowanie przestrzeni powietrznej

air pollution is the presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which is harmful or has poisonous effects zanieczyszczenie powietrza

air portable means material suitable for transport by an aircraft loaded internally or externally, with no more than minor dismantling and reassembling within the capabilities of user units. This term must be qualified to show the extent of air portability nadający się do przewozu drogą powietrzną

air position or no-wind position. It is the theoretical position of an aircraft or missile at a given moment, assuming it to have been unaffected in flight by wind położenie samolotu w powietrzu, pozycja samolotu w powietrzu

air position indicator (API) is an airborne computing system which presents a continuous indication of the aircraft position on the basis of aircraft heading, airspeed, and elapsed time wskaźnik położenia samolotu w powietrzu

air power is the power that a nation derives from its ability to fly a vehicle, or to cause it to go through the medium of air or space, and to exploit in lesser or greater degree the complex relationship that results from this ability. A nation’s air power consists of all the elements of air forces, including aircraft, infrastructure, radar, surface-to-air weapons, and personnel, as well as civil, private, and commercial aviation potencjał powietrzny (państwa)

air pre-cleaner filter is a device used to extract impurities from air wstępny filtr powietrza

air preheater is any device designed to heat air before another process with the primary objective of increasing the thermal efficiency of the process podgrzewacz powietrza

air rage means unruly or violent behavior of a passenger, caused probably by physiological and/or psychological stresses associated with air travel zachowanie zagrażające bezpieczeństwu współpasażerów

air reconnaissance is the acquisition of intelligence information by employing visual observation and/or sensors (like synthetic aperture radar, side-looking radar, infrared sensors, aerial cameras, and electro-optical devices) in aircraft, satellites, UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), and other aerial vehicles rekonesans powietrzny

air refueling control point (ARCP) is the geographical point over which the receiver aircraft arrives in the observation or refueling position with respect to the assigned tanker kontrolny punkt tankowania w powietrzu

air refuelling initial point (ARIP) is the geographical point at which the receiver aircraft enters the refueling track, initiates radio contact with the tanker, and begins a maneuver to rendezvous początkowy punkt tankowania w powietrzu

air report special (ARS) → special air-report

air route → air traffic service route

air route surveillance radar (ARSR) is the air route traffic control center (ARTCC) radar used primarily to detect and display an aircraft’s position while en route between terminal areas radar nadzorujący trasy lotnicze

Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) provides ATC service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight centrum kontroli ruchu na trasach lotniczych

air safety report (ASR) is the notification form, which describes occurrence that may include risk factors formularz zgłoszenia zdarzenia

air scoop is an air-duct inlet or cowl that projects from an outer surface of an aircraft in such a way as to utilize the dynamic pressure of the airstream in maintaining a flow of air (as to a power plant or a ventilating system) wlot powietrza

air search / przeszukiwanie przestrzeni powietrznej

air search radar is a shipboard radar that searches for aircraft radar poszukujący statki powietrzne

air service is any service related to aviation, including transport services but also those not providing transportation, such as ground handling przewozy lotnicze, usługi lotnicze, komunikacja lotnicza

air show or airshow, air display, air fair, air tattoo. It is a public event that usually takes place at an airport where different kinds of aircraft are shown and pilots use their skills to fly in unusual and exciting ways pokaz lotniczy

air sickness or altitude sickness. It is a sensation which is induced by air travel. It is a specific form of motion sickness, and is considered a normal response in healthy individuals choroba powietrzna

air sock → windsock

air space → airspace

air speed is the speed, especially of an aircraft, relative to the air prędkość statku powetrznego

air speed gauge → air speed indicator

Air Speed Indicator (ASI) or airspeed gauge. It is a device for measuring the forward speed of the aircraft. The ASI uses the aircraft pitot-static system to compare pitot and static pressure and thus determine forward speed prędkościomierz

air spilling / uchodzenie powietrza (np. z kabiny ciśnieniowej)

air spring could be defined as a reservoir of air made of rubber and fabric, which is shaped with bellows and that can be used to support load, isolate vibrations and shocks, or act as a pneumatic cylinder by expanding itself resory pneumatyczne

air stack means planes circling at different assigned altitudes above an airport while waiting their turn to land samoloty odseparowane od siebie w pionie, oczekujące na zezwolenie lądowania

air start is the process of starting an aircraft engine in flight. In an air start, aerodynamic forces cause the propeller or the compressor to tum the engine. A starter is not generally used during an air start rozruch silnika

air starter unit (ASU) is a power source used to provide the initial rotation to start large diesel and gas turbine engines agregat rozruchowy

air surveillance is the systematic observation of airspace by electronic, visual or other means, primarily for the purpose of identifying and determining the movements of aircraft and missiles, friendly and enemy, in the airspace under observation nadzór powietrzny

air survey → aerial survey

air tattoo → air show

air taxi is a small commercial aircraft which makes short flights on demand taksówka powietrzna

air taxi revenue flights are on-demand, non-scheduled flights on short notice for the carriage by air of passengers, freight or mail, or any combination thereof for remuneration usually performed with smaller aircraft including helicopters (typically no more than 30 seats). Also includes any positioning flights required for the provision of the service lot zarobkowy taksówki powietrznej

air temperature it is the temperature of the air that is outside an aircraft. It is measured and indicated within the cockpit or used, together with outputs from the Pitot Static System, as an input to aircraft equipment, e.g. Air Data Computer (ADC) temperatura powietrza

air temperature control is an air control door or valve, near the entrance of the carburetor, which admits alternate heated air to the carburetor to prevent carburetor ice regulator temperatury powietrza

air temperature gauge is a gauge that indicates the temperature of the air before it enters the carburetor. The temperature reading is sensed by a bulb located in the air intake passage to the engine miernik temperatury powietrza

air to fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to fuel present in an internal combustion engine współczynnik powietrza do paliwa

air traffic means all aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome ruch lotniczy

Air Traffic Advisory Service (ADVS) or advisory service is a service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans służba doradcza ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Control Beacon Interrogator (ATCBI) is a system used in air traffic control (ATC) to enhance surveillance radar monitoring and separation of air traffic. It consists of a rotating ground antenna and transponders in aircraft system radiolatarni kontroli ruchu powietrznego

Air Traffic Control capacity or ATC capacity means maximum amount of air traffic that an air traffic control service can deal with przepustowość kontroli ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Control clearance or ATC clearance, clearance. It is an authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit zezwolenie kontroli ruchu lotniczego

air traffic control instruction are directives issued by air traffic control for the purpose of requiring a pilot to take a specific action instrukcja kontroli ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) is a secondary surveillance radar system developed for use within the air traffic control system for more precise position reporting of planes. It is used in conjunction with the primary radar, which is used to determine the presence of planes in the airspace. ATCRBS supplements this positional information with positive identification and altitude information, allowing controllers to track each plane more precisely and efficiently system radiolatarni kontroli ruchu lotniczego

air traffic control sector or ATC sector. It is defined volume of airspace for which an associated controller(s) has ATC responsibility at any given time sektor ATC, sektor kontroli ruchu lotniczego

air traffic control service is a service provided for the purpose of: (a) preventing collisions: 1) between aircraft, and 2) on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions, and (b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic służba kontroli ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) delay factor means the amount of delay calculated to be assigned prior to departure współczynnik opóźnienia centrum dowodzenia nad systemem kontroli ruchu lotniczego

air traffic control unit airspace is an airspace that is under provision of air traffic control service przestrzeń powietrzna nadzorowana przez kontrolę ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Control unit or ATC unit. It is a generic term meaning variously, area control centre, approach control unit or aerodrome control tower organ kontroli ruchu lotniczego

air traffic controller (ATCO) or air controller, or flight controller. It is a person trained to maintain the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic in the global air traffic control system kontroler ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Controllers European Unions Coordination (ATCEUC) was created in 1989 and is currently composed of 32 professional and autonomous trade unions representing more than 14000 Air Traffic Controllers throughout Europe Europejska organizacja zrzeszająca związki zawodowe kontrolerów ruchu lotniczego

air traffic data services are services consisting in the collection, aggregation and integration of operational data from providers of surveillance services, from providers of MET and AIS and network functions and from other relevant entities, or the provision of processed data for air traffic control and air traffic management purposes usługi dostarczania danych o ruchu lotnicznym

Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management (ATFCM) is a service complementary to Air Traffic Control (ATC), the objective of which is to ensure an optimum flow of air traffic to or through areas within which traffic demand at times exceeds the available capacity of the ATC system zarządzanie przepływem ruchu lotniczego i pojemnością przestrzeni

Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) is a service established with the objective of contributing to a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic by ensuring that ATC capacity is utilized to the maximum extent possible and that the traffic volume is compatible with the capacities declared by the appropriate ATS authority zarządzanie przepływem ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Flow Management Exempted (ATFMX) is the status of aircraft flight for which an air navigation service provider has approved an exception to the application of AFTM measures status ATFMX dla lotów które mogą zostać wyłączone spod regulacji ATFM

air traffic flow management measure is the set of actions taken to perform air traffic flow management and capacity management środek zarządzania przepływem ruchu lotniczego

air traffic flow management notification message (ANM) means the official medium for the notification of Air Traffic Flow & Capacity Management measures, published by the Network Manager Operations Centre (NMOC) during the day before the day of operation, in order to provide a summary of planned ATFCM measures, and to promulgate any specific instructions or communication requirements associated with those measures depesza powiadamiająca ATFM

air traffic intensity can be understood as a flight intensity i.e. the number of aircraft coming into the sector in one unit of time natężenie ruchu lotniczego

air traffic management (ATM) is the dynamic, integrated management of air traffic and airspace including air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management safely, economically and efficiently through the provision of facilities and seamless services in collaboration with all parties and involving airborne and ground-based functions zarządzanie ruchem lotniczym

air traffic management system is a system that provides ATM through the collaborative integration of humans, information, technology, facilities and services, supported by air and ground- and/or space-based communications, navigation and surveillance system zarządzania ruchem lotniczym

air traffic movements is the number of aircraft taking off and landing natężenie ruchu lotniczego

air traffic safety electronics personnel (ATSEP) is an ICAO term for the electronic engineers involved with the creation and support of the ground-based electronic hardware and software systems used to support air navigation and air traffic management personel odpowiedzialny za elektroniczne systemy bezpieczeństwa ruchu lotniczego

air traffic service provider → air traffic services provider

air traffic service route or ATS route, air route, air-traffic route, route. It is a specified part of the airspace structure designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services trasa ATS, trasa lotnicza, trasa służb ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Services (ATS) is a generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service) służby ruchu lotniczego

air traffic services airspaces are airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified przestrzenie powietrzne służb ruchu lotniczego

air traffic services communication facilities / urządzenia łączności służb ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Services Communications (ATSC) are communication related to air traffic services including air traffic control, aeronautical and meteorological information, position reporting and services related to safety and regularity of flight. This communication involves one or more air traffic service administrations komunikacja pomiędzy służbami ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Services Interfacility Data Communication (AIDC) is a data link application that provides the capability to exchange data between air traffic service units during the notification, coordination and transfer of aircraft between flight information regions wymiana danych między urządzeniami służb ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Services Message Handling System (AMHS, ATSMHS) or ATS Message Handling System is an application allowing air traffic services messages to be exchanged between service users over the aeronautical telecommunication network internet connection service system wymiany depesz służb ruchu lotniczego

air traffic services provider or air traffic service provider, ATS provider, ATSP provider. It is authority designated to provide air traffic services in a specific airspace instytucja zapewniająca służby ruchu lotniczego

Air Traffic Services Reporting Office (ARO) is a unit established for the purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure biuro odpraw załóg

Air Traffic Services Unit (ATSU) or ATS unit. It is a generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight information centre or air traffic services reporting office organ służb ruchu lotniczego

air transit route is a defined route for the air transiting of helicopters lotnicza trasa tranzytowa

air transport → air transportation

Air Transport Association of America (ATA) → Airlines for America Zrzeszenie Transportu Lotniczego Ameryki

Air Transport Network (ATN) or air transportation network is an example of transport networks and spatial networks. The nodes of the network are the airports and the links represent direct flight routes between two airports sieć transport lotniczego

air transport operator → air carrier

air transport product is a scheduled passenger air service, including any related ancillary services and additional benefits offered for sale and/or sold as an integral part of the air service produkt (usługa) transportu lotniczego

Air Transportation Network (ATN) → air transport network

air transportation or air transport means carriage by aircraft of passengers, baggage, cargo, and mail, separately or in combination, held out to the public for remuneration or hire, including scheduled and non-scheduled air services przewóz lotniczy, powietrzny przewóz, powietrzne przewozy, transport lotniczy

air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight podróż lotnicza

air turbine motor is a small turbine driven by compressed air, especially one used as a starter for engines silnik turbiny powietrznej

air turn back is the return of an aircraft to the departure aerodrome as a result of the malfunction or suspected malfunction of any item on the aircraft zawrócenie samolotu z trasy (z przyczyn technicznych)

air valve is a device for controlling the flow of air, as from a pipe or tank zawór powietrza

air way → droga lotnicza

air waybill (AWB) or air consignment note. It is document that is made out by or on behalf of the shipper which evidences the contract between the shipper and carrier(s) for carriage of goods over routes of the carrier(s) lotniczy list przewozowy

air/ground or air to ground (A/G) / powietrze-ziemia

air/ground radio (A/G) → mandatory frequency

AIRAC → Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control

airband or aircraft band is the name for a group of frequencies in the VHF radio spectrum allocated to radio communication in civil aviation, sometimes also referred to as VHF, or phonetically as “Victor”. Different sections of the band are used for radionavigational aids and air traffic control pasmo lotnicze

airborne 1. flying through the air or in flight • until the plane is airborne [dopóki samolot nie znajdzie się w powietrzu] • the plane remained airborne [samolot utrzymywał się w powietrzu] znajdujący się w powietrzu (w samolocie) 2. used to describe items forming an integral part of an aircraft lotniczy 3. used to describe aeronautical equipment used to accomplish a particular mission powietrzny 4. used to describe the state of an aircraft from the instant it becomes entirely sustained by air until it ceases to be so sustained wykonujący lot

airborne altimetry means measurement of the altitude of an aircraft or spacecraft above the terrain presently beneath that aircraft or spacecraft pokładowy pomiar wysokości

Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) is an aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders pokładowy system zapobiegania kolizjom, pokładowy system unikania kolizji

airborne collision warning system is a system such as a radar set or radio receiver carried by an aircraft to warn of the danger of possible collision pokładowy system ostrzegania przed kolizją

airborne conflict → aircraft conflict

airborne data bus is the physical connection between avionics system elements carrying the digital data lotnicza magistrala danych

airborne delay means delay incurred in the air, either en-route or when holding opóźnienie w locie

airborne energy source / pokładowe źródło energii

airborne imagery → aerial photography

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) → Lidar – Light Detection and Ranging

airborne pollutants are particulates, biological molecules or other harmful materials that exist in the atmosphere zanieczyszczenia powietrza

airborne power unit → auxiliary power unit

airborne profile is the continuous terrain-profile data produced by an absolute altimeter in an aircraft which is making an altimeter-controlled flight along a prescribed course profil powietrzny

Airborne Profile Recorder (APR) or terrain profile recorder (TPR) is an electronic instrument that emits a pulsed-type radar signal from an aircraft to measure vertical distances between the aircraft and the Earth’s surface urządzenie radiolokacyjne rejestrujące profil terenu, nad którym przelatuje samolot

airborne radar is a radar on board aircraft. This may be an air-interception radar normally fitted on combat aircraft. This may also be an early warning radar as fitted on AEW (airborne early warning) or AWACS (airborne warning and control system) aircraft, but it does not include weather radar fitted on aircraft radar pokładowy

airborne sense and avoid capability on-board the unmanned aircraft to perform both separation and collision avoidance functions to mitigate the inability for a unmanned aircraft systems pilot to directly see and avoid other aircraft or to provide an alternate means of compliance to “See and Avoid” regulations zdolności pilotażu i unikania kolizji z bezzałogowym statkiem powietrznym

Airborne Separation Assistance System (ASAS) is an aircraft system that enables the flight crew to maintain separation of aircraft from one or more aircraft and provides flight information concerning the surrounding traffic pokładowy system wspomagania separacji

airborne time is the time in the air czas przebywania w powietrzu

Airborne Traffic Situation Awareness (ATSAW) is an airborne traffic situational awareness system being introduced to commercial aviation. It is capable of providing pilots with a real-time picture of the surrounding traffic during all phases of flight system wspierający świadomość sytuacyjną w ruchu lotniczym

airborne waste means vapors, gases, or particulates introduced into the atmosphere by evaporation, chemical, or combustion processes; a frequent cause of smog and an irritant to eyes and breathing passages odpady powietrzne

airborne weather radar is a type of radar used to provide an indication to pilots of the intensity of convective weather. Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to intensity of the precipitation lotniczy radar pogodowy

airborne wind energy is a wind energy technology that is based on flying blades or wings attached to the ground by a tether lotnicza energia wietrzna

air-bound → airbound

airbound or air-bound 1. supported by air wspierany przez powietrze 2. of used by air transport • foreign air-bound tourists spent korzystający z transportu lotniczego 3. obstructed or inoperative because of air in a space normally filled with liquid • an air-bound pipe wypełniony powietrzem, zatkany powietrzem

air-breather or airbreather. It is an aircraft engine that requires air from the atmosphere for the combustion of its fuel silnik odrzutowy przelotowy

air-breathing of an engine or aerodynamic vehicle, means required to take in air for the purpose of combustion napędzany silnikiem przelotowym

air-breathing engine is a jet engine that requires an intake of air to supply the oxygen that is needed to operate silnik przelotowy

air-breathing jet engine or ducted jet engine. It is a jet engine that emits a jet of hot exhaust gases formed from air that is forced into the engine by several stages of centrifugal, axial or ram compression, which is then heated and expanded through a nozzle. They are typically gas turbine engines przelotowy silnik odrzutowy

airbridge → passenger boarding bridge

airbridge → pier

air-cool means to remove excess heat from an object by transferring it directly into the airstream chłodzić

air-cooled engine is an engine that relies on the circulation of air directly over hot parts of the engine to cool them silnik chłodzony powietrzem

air-cooled oil cooler (ACOC) or air-oil cooler. It is an oil-to-air heat exchanger in the lubrication system of an aircraft engine in which heat from the lubricating oil is removed by air flowing around the coils carrying hot oil chłodnica olejowo-powietrzna

air-cooled turbine blades are hollow turbine wheel blades of certain high-powered gas turbine engines that are cooled by passing compressor bleed air through them łopatki turbiny chłodzone powietrzem

air-core transformer is a transformer made up of two or more coils wound on a core of nonmagnetic material. Air-core transformers are normally used for radio-frequency alternating current transformator bezrdzeniowy

aircraft (A/C, ACFT) is avehicle that is able tofly by gaining support from theair. It counters the force of gravity by using eitherstatic lift or by using thedynamic lift of anairfoil, or in a few cases thedownward thrust fromjet engines statek powietrzny

aircraft accident investigation authority is a government agency, body or commission that has the primary responsibility for the investigation of aircraft accidents organ badający zdarzenia lotnicze

aircraft address is a unique combination of 24 bits available for assignment to an aircraft for the purpose of air-ground communications, navigation and surveillance identyfikator statku powietrznego, adres statku powietrznego

aircraft alteration is the modification of an aircraft, its structure, or its components that changes the physical or night characteristics of the aircraft przerobienie statku powietrznego

aircraft approach category is a grouping of aircraft based on reference landing speed (VREF), if specified, or if VREF is not specified, 1.3 VSO (the stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration) at the maximum certificated landing weight kategoria statków powietrznych ze względu na ich podejście

Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AAIM) is a technology used to augment GPS and GLONASS within the GNSS 1 framework that uses information from the aircraft inertial navigation systems to cross-check the integrity of the GPS signal autonomiczne monitorowanie poprawności wyznaczenia położenia

aircraft avionics is a term designating any electronic device including its electrical part for use in an aircraft, including radio, automatic flight control and instrument systems wyposażenie radioelektroniczne statku powietrznego

Aircraft Ballistic Recovery System or ballistic recovery system (BRS). It is a rocket deployed parachute that enables an aircraft that encounters problems (such as engine failure, loss of control, icing and fuel exhaustion, etc.) to gradually descend to the ground thus giving a greater chance of survival or avoidance of serious injury spadochronowy (balistyczny) system ratowniczy

aircraft band → airband

aircraft basic operating weight is the weight of a transport aircraft, including crew, ready for flight but without its payload and fuel podstawowa waga operacyjna statku powietrznego

aircraft battery is a device containing one or more cells that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy that provides electrical energy for an aircraft that may be used for starting the engine and as auxiliary electrical power when the engine-driven generator is not operating akumulator

aircraft beacon lights → beacon lights

aircraft cabin → cabin compartment

aircraft cable are strands of wire formed into a helical or spiral shape. Cable designations are based on the number of strands and the number of wires in each strand. The most common aircraft cables are 7x7 and 7x19 kabel lotniczy

aircraft call sign → call sign

aircraft call sign or aircraft callsign, aeroplane call-sign, airplane call-sign, airplane callsign. It is a group of alphanumeric characters used to identify an aircraft in air-ground communication znak wywoławczy statku powietrznego

aircraft capacity is the rate of aircraft movement on the runway or taxiway that results in a given level of delay zdolność przewozowa statku powietrznego

aircraft certificated for single-pilot operation is the type of aircraft which the State of Registry has determined, during the certification process, can be operated safely with a minimum crew of one pilot statek powietrzny certyfikowany do wykonywania operacji z jednym pilotem

Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) is a number expressing the relative effect of an aircraft on a pavement for a specified standard subgrade category liczba klasyfikacyjna statku powietrznego

aircraft commander (AC) is the aircrew member designated by competent authority as being in command of an aircraft and responsible for its safe operation and accomplishment of the assigned mission dowódca, dowódca statku powietrznego

Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) is an airborne digital datalink system for transmission of short messages between aircraft and ground stations lotniczy system adresowania i przekazywania wiadomości

aircraft compass → magnetic compass

aircraft compass turns are turns made in an aircraft using only a magnetic compass for guidance zakręty statku powietrznego wg wskazań kompasu

aircraft component is a constituent part or aspect of the aircraft structure podzespół statku powietrznego

Aircraft Condition Monitoring System (ACMS) is the system that collect a wide range of data. As such, ACMSs allows to monitor and control the status of the onboard systems and equipment, as well as variations to the flight conditions and to the operation of the equipment. ACMSs are fully customizable and can be programmed to anticipate aircraft system failure risks system monitorujący stan ogólny statku powietrznego

aircraft configuration means planned utilisation layout of aircraft interior space konfiguracja statku powietrznego

aircraft conflict is a predicted conflict, within URET, of two aircraft, or between aircraft and airspace. A Red Alert is used for conflicts when the predicted minimum separation is 5 nautical miles or less. A Yellow Alert is used when the predicted minimum separation is between 5 and approximately 12 nautical miles. A Blue Alert is used for conflicts between an aircraft and predefined airspace konflikt statków powietrznych

aircraft conflict alert is an alert issued by a controller to a pilot under his or her control that another aircraft (not under his or her control) is flying at an altitude that places both aircraft in an unsafe proximity to each other. The controller will offer the pilot the position of the traffic if time permits and an alternate course(s) of action. Any alternate course(s) the controller may recommend to the pilot will be predicated only on other traffic being worked by the controller ostrzeżenie o zaistnieniu ryzyka kolizji z innym statkiem powietrznym

aircraft contact is the position where a part of the equipment is less than 120 mm (5 in) away from the aircraft fuselage skin pozycja bliskiego kontaktu ze statkiem powietrznym

aircraft control cable is a stranded steel cable used to actuate the controls of an aircraft. Aircraft control cable is made of either stainless steel or galvanized carbon steel. There are three types of aircraft control cable: nonflexible, flexible, and extraflexible cable lotnicze kable sterowania

Aircraft Data Link Processor (ADLP) is an aircraft-resident processor that is specific to a particular air-ground data link (e.g. Mode S) and which provides channel management, and segments and/or reassembles messages for transfer. It is connected on one side to aircraft elements common to all data link systems and on the other side to the airground link itself procesor łącza danych statku powietrznego

Aircraft Data Network (ADN) is a concept introduced by the ARINC Airline Electronics Engineering Committee (AEEC) in the ARINC 664 Specification. The specification proposes data networking standards recommended for use in commercial aircraft installations. The standards provide a means to adapt COTS networking standards to an aircraft environment. It refers to devices such as bridges, switches, routers and hubs and their use in an aircraft environment. This equipment, when installed in a network topology, can provide effective data transfer and overall avionics performance. The ARINC 664 specification refers extensively to the set of data networking standards developed by the Internet community and IEEE. The specification also applies the concepts of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standards Sieć danych statku powietrznego

aircraft design process is a loosely defined method used to balance many competing and demanding requirements to produce an aircraft that is strong, lightweight, economical and can carry an adequate payload while being sufficiently reliable to safely fly for the design life of the aircraft proces projektowania statku powietrznego

aircraft dimensions are the various parameters that define the aircraft size wymiary statku powietrznego

aircraft dispatcher → flight dispatcher

aircraft dope is a plasticised lacquer that is applied to fabric-covered aircraft lakier lotniczy

Aircraft Earth Station (AES) is a mobile earth station in the Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service located on board an aircraft stacja pokładowa łączności satelitarnej

aircraft emergency oxygen systems or air masks are emergency equipment fitted to pressurized commercial aircraft, intended for use when the cabin pressurisation system has failed and the cabin altitude has climbed above a safe level. It consists of a number of individual yellow oxygen masks stored in compartments near passenger seats and near areas like lavatories and galleys, and an oxygen source, like a centralized gaseous cylinder or decentralized chemical oxygen generator awaryjny system tlenowy

aircraft engine → engine

aircraft engine performance refers to factors including thrust or shaft power for fuel consumed, weight, cost, outside dimensions and life. It includes meeting regulated environmental limits which apply to emissions of noise and chemical pollutants, and regulated safety aspects which require a design that can safely tolerate environmental hazards such as birds, rain, hail and icing conditions wydajność silnika statku powietrznego

aircraft engine starting have been used since the Wright brothers made their first powered flight in 1903. The methods used have been designed for weight saving, simplicity of operation and reliability. Early piston engines were started by hand, with geared hand starting, electrical and cartridge-operated systems for larger engines being developed between the wars rozruch silnika statku powietrznego

aircraft engineering is the primary field of engineering concerned with the development of aircraft and spacecraft inżynieria lotnicza

aircraft equipment means articles, including first-aid and survival equipment and commissary supplies, but not spare parts or stores, for use on board an aircraft during flight wyposażenie statku powietrznego

aircraft external lights → external lights

aircraft fabric → aeroplane cloth

aircraft finishing material is a material used to produce an attractive and protective coating on wood or metal. Varnish is made of a resin dissolved in a solvent and thinned until it has the proper viscosity to spray or brush. The varnish is spread evenly over the surface to be coated, and when the solvents evaporate, a tough film is left materiał wykończeniowy statku powietrznego

Aircraft Flight Analysis & Safety Explorer (AirFASE) is the flight data monitoring analysis and visualisation tool jointly developed by Airbus and Teledyne Controls eksplorator analizy i bezpieczeństwa lotu statku powietrznego

aircraft flight control system consists of flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkages, and the necessary operating mechanisms to control an aircraft’s direction in flight. Aircraft engine controls are also considered as flight controls as they change speed system sterowania statkiem powietrznym

Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or aeroplane flight manual, airplane flight manual. It is a document developed by the airplane manufacturer and approved by the Civil Aviation Administration. It is specific to a particular make and model airplane by serial number and it contains operating procedures and limitations instrukcja użytkowania w locie

aircraft fuel system enables fuel to be loaded, stored, managed and delivered to the propulsion system (engine(s)) of an aircraft system paliwowy statku powietrznego

Aircraft General Standard (AGS) parts are small items such as bolts, nuts, rivets, fork joints, taper pins, common to all types of aircraft. They are made in a range of sizes, and, as similar parts are made of different materials, a distinguishing system of identification is in use. Special parts made for specific aircraft have no marking to indicate size or material, but are marked with a part number standardowe części statku powietrznego

aircraft gross weight → aircraft gross weight

aircraft gross weight (A/c gw) or all-up mass, all-up weight (AUW). It is the total weight of an aircraft with passengers, cargo, and fuel ciężar całkowity statku powietrznego

aircraft ground heater ground support equipment vehicle designed for heating up narrow body airplanes and also maintaining the temperature during planes’ overnight stays at the airport ogrzewacz naziemny do samolotów

aircraft ground running is the operation of some or all of the engines of an aircraft on the ground for the purpose of functionally checking the operation of either engines or aircraft systems on the ground próba silnika statku powietrznego

aircraft identification a group of letters, figures or a combination thereof which is either identical to, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign to be used in air-ground communications, and which is used to identify the aircraft in ground-ground air traffic services communications znak rozpoznawczy statku powietrznego

Aircraft Illustrated Parts Catalogue (AIPC) / ilustrowany katalog części statku

aircraft impactor is an instrument carried by an aircraft for the purpose of obtaining samples of airborne particles urządzenie do wychwytania cząstek stałych znajdujących się w powietrzu

aircraft industry is the industry supporting aviation by building aircraft and manufacturing aircraft parts for their maintenance przemysł lotniczy

Aircraft Information Systems (AIS) are the systems that give access to multiple data: flight logs, onboard electronic documentation, navigation diagrams, performance calculations, etc. systemy informacyjne statku powietrznego

aircraft inspection is the process of systematically examining, checking and testing aircraft structural members, components and systems, to detect actual or potential unserviceable conditions kontrola statku powietrznego

Aircraft Integrated Data System (AIDS) is an aircraft system that allows the airline to record and/or monitor all available parameters which are on the aircraft buses. Some aircraft like the Airbus A320 have an AIDS print button which, when programmed over the MCDU, allows paper data reports, DAR recordings, or ACARS transmissions of a select amount of parameters to be printed system zintegrowanych danych statku powietrznego

aircraft intent is the information on planned future aircraft behaviour, which can be obtained from the aircraft systems (avionics) zamiar statku powietrznego

aircraft lighting system is a system for providing light to both the interior and exterior of and position lights system oświetlenia statku powietrznego

aircraft list (ACL) is a view available with EDST that lists aircraft currently in or predicted to be in a particular sector’s airspace. The view contains textual flight data information in line format and may be sorted into various orders based on the specific needs of the sector team lista statku powietrznego

Aircraft Load Rating (ARL) is a number expressing the relative structural loading effect of an aircraft on a pavement. ALRs are expressed on a scale from 1 (least demanding aircraft) to 12 (most demanding aircraft). ALRs have been assigned to present-day aircraft at their maximum and minimum operating weights and at a specific tire pressure. The ALR should not exceed the pavement load rating (PLR) for unrestricted aircraft operations. The ALR system for ranking aircraft in terms of their pavement-strength requirements is used exclusively in Canada. For the international reporting of aircraft pavement-strength requirements, the ICAO ACN (aircraft classification number) code is used załadunkowy wskaźnik statku powietrznego

aircraft maintenance → maintenance

aircraft maintenance checks are periodic inspections that have to be done on all commercial/civil aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage; military aircraft normally follow specific maintenance programmes which may or may not be similar to those of commercial/civil operators. Airlines and airworthiness authorities casually refer to the detailed inspections as “checks”, commonly one of the following: A check, B check, C check, or D check. A and B checks are lighter checks, while C and D are considered heavier checks przeglądy techniczne samolotów

Aircraft Maintenance Licence (AML) is a licence issued to aircraft technicians, mechanics or engineers subject to their meeting certain requirements (often passing a written examination) and authorising them to carry out maintenance work on aircraft licencja na obsługę techniczną statku powietrznego

Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM) is the formal document which details the way in which all maintenance tasks carried out on an aircraft shall be accomplished podręcznik obsługi technicznej statku powietrznego

aircraft maintenance programme → maintenance programme

aircraft maintenance steps are the steps that are used by maintenace for aircraft repairs schody dla mechaników lotniczych

Aircraft Maintenance Technician (AMT) is a tradesperson and also refers to a licensed technical qualification for carrying out aircraft maintenance. AMTs inspect and perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, repairs and alteration of aircraft and aircraft systems technik lotniczy, mechanik obsługi statków powietrznych

aircraft manufacturer is an organization that has been recognized by its certifying authority as having manufactured the aircraft, at the time of completion producent statków powietrznych

aircraft marshaller → marshaller

aircraft marshalling → marshalling

aircraft materials are materials used in aircraft construction materiały do produkcji statków powietrznych

Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) is an aircraft based meteorological observation system that uses data gathered, and transmitted, by aircraft in flight to supplement the data gathered by other meteorological instruments and to help improve the accuracy of forecasts automatyczny system przekazywania z pokładu statków powietrznych danych meteorologicznych

aircraft mix are the types or categories of aircraft that are to be accommodated at the airport typy statków powietrznych, które mogą być obsługiwane na danym lotniska

aircraft modification is a change in the physical characteristics of aircraft, accomplished either by a change in production specifications or by alteration of items already produced modyfikacja statku powietrznego

aircraft movement means an aircraft takeoff or landing at an airport. For airport traffic purposes, one arrival and one departure is counted as two movements ruch statku powietrznego, operacja statku powietrznego (start albo lądowanie)

aircraft movement surface condition report is the report that details the surface conditions for all aircraft movement areas including runway, taxiways and aprons raport o stanie powierzchni manewrowych lotniska

aircraft nationality marks / znaki przynależności państwowej statku powietrznego

aircraft noise is caused by airflow around the aircraft fuselage and wings as well as noise from the engines, with different aircraft producing different noise levels and different noise frequencies and tones hałas statku powietrznego

aircraft observation is the evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from an aircraft in flight obserwacja ze statku powietrznego

aircraft operating agency → aircraft operator

aircraft operating agency is the person, organization or enterprise engaged in, or offering to engage in, an aircraft operation użytkownik statku powietrznego

Aircraft Operating Manual (AOM) or Flight Crew Operating Manual (FCOM) is a manual, acceptable to the State of the Operator, containing normal, abnormal and emergency procedures, checklists, limitations, performance information, details of the aircraft systems and other material relevant to the operation of the aircraft instrukcja użytkowania statku powietrznego

aircraft operation means the landing, takeoff, or touch-and-go procedure by an aircraft on a runway at an airport operacja lotnicza

aircraft operator or aircraft operating agency. It is a person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation przewoźnik lotniczy

Aircraft Operator Holding Account (AOHA) is an account which aircraft operators are legally obliged to open in the Union registry because they operate an aircraft that emits greenhouse gases rachunek posiadania operatora statków powietrznych

aircraft operator or aircraft operating agency. It is a person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation przewoźnik lotniczy

aircraft operators documents are air waybills/consignment notes, passenger tickets and boarding passes, bank and agent settlement plan documents, excess baggage tickets, miscellaneous charges orders (M.C.O.), damage and irregularity reports, baggage and cargo labels, timetables, and weight and balance documents, for use by aircraft operators dokumenty przewoźników lotniczych

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) is an American non-profit political organization that advocates for general aviation Stowarzyszenie Właścicieli i Pilotów Samolotów

aircraft ownership cost is the unitised cost of possession of an aircraft, whether it be a depreciation (D), rental (R) or leasing charge koszt posiadania statku powietrznego

Aircraft Parking and Information System (APIS) uses a laser system and displays an arrow-like pattern that points in the direction to be steered together with closing rate and stopping guidance; a second display may be provided aligned with the right-hand seat so the aircraft can be steered from either seat and allowing monitoring of lateral guidance and distance to go/closure rate by the pilot monitoring system parkowania i informowania statku powietrznego

aircraft parking/docking chart is a chart that supplements the Aerodrome Chart – ICAO for precise portrayal of aprons with aircraft stands mapa parkowania/dokowania statków powietrznych

aircraft performance can be defined as the capability of an airplane to operate effectively while serving a specific purpose osiągi samolotu

aircraft performance data are performance data published by the aircraft manufacturer in documents such as the aeroplane or rotorcraft flight manual, operations manual, performance engineering manual, or equivalent dane dotyczące osiągów statku powietrznego

aircraft pier → pier

aircraft piracy → air piracy

aircraft placarding is a signage of aircraft for display in a public place oznakowania i napisy na statku powietrznym

aircraft plumbing means the pipes, hoses, tubings, fittings, and connections used for carrying fluids throughout an aircraft hydraulika statku powietrznego

aircraft position indicator / wskaźnik pozycji statku powietrznego

aircraft proximity is a situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speed have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved may have been compromised. An aircraft proximity is classified as follows: a) Risk of collision – the risk classification of an aircraft proximity in which serious risk of collision has existed b) Safety not assured the risk classification of an aircraft proximity in which the safety of the aircraft may have been compromised c) No risk of collision – the risk classification of an aircraft proximity in which no risk of collision has existed d) Risk not determined. The risk classification of an aircraft proximity in which insufficient information was available to determine the risk involved, or inconclusive or conflicting evidence precluded such determination zbliżenie statków powietrznych

aircraft quality indicates that aircraft equipment or materials are to be produced under closely controlled, special, and restricted methods of manufacture and inspection klasa jakościowa materiału lub wyposażenia użytego w statku powietrznym

Aircraft Radio Control of Aerodrome Lighting (ARCAL) → pilot-controlled lighting

aircraft radio station licence / pozwolenie na używanie pokładowej stacji lotniczej

aircraft rating or class rating. It is a flight crew qualification that authorises the holder to operate particular aircraft uprawnienia dotyczące statku powietrznego

aircraft records is the documentation of the maintenance performed and the flight time on an aircraft, its engines, or its components dokumentacja techniczna statku powietrznego

aircraft registration means the alphanumerical characters corresponding to the actual registration of the aircraft rejestracja statku powietrznego

aircraft repair means the elimination of damage or restoration of a damaged airframe, powerplant, propeller, appliance, or part thereof naprawa statku powietrznego

aircraft required to be operated with a co-pilot is the type of aircraft that is required to be operated with a co-pilot, as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate statek powietrzny, który musi być pilotowany z drugim pilotem

aircraft rigging → rigging

aircraft security check is an inspection of the interior of an aircraft to which passengers may have had access and an inspection of the hold for the purposes of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles and substances kontrola bezpieczeństwa statku powietrznego

aircraft security search is a thorough inspection of the interior and exterior of the aircraft for the purpose of discovering suspicious objects, weapons, explosives or other dangerous devices, articles or substances przeszukanie statku powietrznego

aircraft specifications is documentation containing the pertinent specifications for aircraft certificated under the applicable law and regulations normy lotnicze

aircraft stability is the tendency of an aircraft to return to its original attitude after being deflected stabilność statku powietrznego

aircraft stand is a designated area on an apron intended to be used for parking an aircraft stanowisko postojowe

aircraft stand manoeuvring guidance lights are lights that should be provided to facilitate the positioning of an aircraft on an aircraft stand intended for use in poor visibility conditions unless adequate guidance is provided by other mens światła wprowadzenia na stanowisko postojowe

aircraft stand taxilane is a portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only droga kołowania na stanowisko postojowe

aircraft station is a mobile station in the aeronautical mobile service, other than a survival craft station, located on board an aircraft stacja pokładowa

aircraft steel structure is a truss-type fuselage frame usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads konstrukcja stalowa statku powietrznego

aircraft systems are those required to operate an aircraft efficiently and safely, their complexity varies with the type of aircraft systemy statku powietrznego, układy statku powietrznego

aircraft technical log is a document specific to every aircraft which details the maintenance status of that aircraft. It must be carried on board an aircraft whenever it flies książka techniczna statku powietrznego

aircraft tie down or picketing action. It is taken to minimise the possibility of movement of a parked, non-hangared aircraft due to high winds or propeller wash / jet-efflux from taxiing aircraft. Tie down is normally applicable only to smaller aircraft unless extreme conditions are expected kotwiczenie statku powietrznego

aircraft tyre is a rubber cushion filled with compressed air that fits around a wheel. Tires help absorb the shock and roughness of landings and takeoffs; they also support the weight of the aircraft while on the ground and provide the necessary traction for braking and stopping uircrafl upon landing opona statku powietrznego

aircraft towbar is a metal bar that is used for towing an aircraft drąg holowniczy statku powietrznego

aircraft towing is the forward movement of an aircraft, usually with engines off, using the power of a specialised ground vehicle attached to or supporting the nose landing gear. It may occur for the movement of both in service and out of service aircraft holowanie

aircraft type designator → aircraft type

aircraft type means an aircraft type designator (up to 4 characters) as indicated in ICAO guidelines typ statku powietrznego

aircraft type-certificate signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design (type design). It confirms that the aircraft of a new type intended for serial production, is in compliance with applicable airworthiness requirements established by the national air law certyfikat typu statku powietrznego

aircraft upset or unusual attitudes. It is a dangerous condition in aircraft operations in which the flight attitude or airspeed of an aircraft is outside the normal bounds of operation for which it is designed. This may result in the loss of control (LOC) of the aircraft, and sometimes the total loss of the aircraft itself. Loss of control may be due to excessive altitude for the airplane’s weight, turbulent weather, pilot disorientation, or a system failure nietypowe położenie statku powietrznego w locie

aircraft variant means an aircraft, or a group of aircraft, with the same characteristics but which have differences from a base aircraft which require additional flight crew knowledge, skills, and or abilities that affect flight safety wariant statku powietrznego

aircraft vectoring or vectoring. It is provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific headings, based on the use of an ATS surveillance system wektorowanie, zdalne sterowanie samolotem z ziemi

aircraft warning paint is a system of red/orange and white paint scheme that allows for aircraft to avoid colliding with tall objects like radio masts and other tall objects (during daylight hours) that may pose a collision threat to aircraft system malowania obiektów ostrzegający statki powietrzne

aircraft weighing is performed to determine the weight of an aircraft ważenie statku powietrznego

aircraft weight and balance is the weight and balance system commonly employed among aircraft consists of three equally important elements: the weighing of the aircraft, the maintaining of the weight and balance records, and the proper loading of the aircraft masa i wyważenie statku powietrznego

aircraft with counter-rotating propellers is a propeller-driven aircraft which have individual counter-rotating propellers made opposite-handed (as distinct from a contra-rotating propeller or a push-pull aircraft) statek powietrzny ze śmigłami przeciwbieżnymi

aircraft wooden structures is an aircraft structure in which wood is used as the structural material konstrukcja drewniana statku powietrznego

Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance and Insurance (ACMI) is a form of → wet lease whereby one airline (the lessor) provides an aircraft, complete crew, maintenance, and insurance to another airline or other type of business acting as a broker of air travel (the lessee), which pays by hours operated formuła wynajmu ACMI (samolot, załoga, utrzymanie, ubezpieczenie)

Aircraft’s Autofeather Unit (AFUs) are components of automatic take-off power control system (ATPCS), which is designed to feather a propeller when engine torque decreases below a specific value and to increase power on the operating engine jednostka umożliwiająca włączenie funkcji autofeather

Aircraft-Based Augmentation System (ABAS) is a system that augments and/or integrates the information obtained from the other GNSS elements with information available on board the aircraft pokładowy system wspomagania (poprawiający dokładność wyznaczenia pozycji)

aircraft-supplied data means all data which is supplied by or via aircraft systems and is used by the Engine/Propeller Control System dane dostarczane przez systemy statku powietrznego

aircraft-supplied electrical power means any electrical power which is supplied by or via aircraft systems and is used by the Engine/Propeller Control System zasilanie elektryczne na statku powietrznym

Aircraft-to-Satellite Data Relay (ASDAR) is a communication method where data are sent from an aircraft to a satellite that relays the data to another location. This method extends line-of-sight communications metoda przekazywania danych ze statku powietrznego do satelity

aircrew or air crew, flight crew. There are the pilot and other people on a plane who are responsible for flying it and for looking after any passengers who are on it załoga (samolotu)

aircrewman is a member of an aircrew often as distinguished from the pilot or other officers członek załogi

air-cycle cooling system is a system for cooling the air in the cabin of a turbojet-powered aircraft system chłodzenia powietrza w kabinie statku powietrznego

air-derived data (ADD) these are flight data that are transmitted from airborne systems to ground systems dane dotyczące parametrów lotu

airdock → hangar

airdrome is a place or area where small aircraft can land and take off lądowisko

airdrop is an act of dropping supplies, troops, or equipment by parachute from an aircraft zrzut ze statlu powietrznego

air-dry is the process of removing moisture from a material by exposing it to the air osuszanie powietrzem

AIREP → air-report

airfield or landing area. It is an area of fields and runways where aircraft take off and land unlike an airport, does not necessarily have terminals or paved runways lądowisko

airfield traffic pattern → aerodrome traffic circuit

air-filed flight plan (AFIL) or flight plan filed in air. It is a flight plan provided to an air traffic services unit by an aircraft during its flight plan lotu zgłoszony z powietrza

airflow is the motion of air (as around parts of an airplane in flight) relative to the surface of a body immersed in it przepływ powietrza

airfoil → aerofoil

airfoil classification airfoils are divided into three classes: high lift, general purpose, and high speed klasyfikacja płata nośnego

airfoil devices / mechanizacja skrzydła

airfoil shape → aerofoil profile

airframe and powerplant (A&P) / kadłub i napęd silnikowy

airframe icing is the ice that forms on the aircraft structure as opposed to on components such as carburetors oblodzenie płatowca

airframe is the body of an aircraft as distinct from its power plant and aircraft systems that means the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, aerofoil surfaces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating aerofoils of engines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls kadłub samolotowy, płatowiec

airframer 1. maker of airframes producent kadłubów 2. aircraft manufacturer producent statków powietrznych

airfreight 1. the carriage of goods by aircraft fracht lotniczy 2. the charge for freight transportation lotnicza opłata przewozowa

air-fuel mixture in a carbureted gasoline engine, the charge of air and fuel that is mixed in the appropriate ratio in the carburetor and subsequently fed into the combustion chamber mieszanka powietrzno-paliwowa

airglow is the light that is observed especially during the night, that originates in the high atmosphere of a planet (such as the Earth), and that is associated with photochemical reactions of gases caused by solar radiation poświata nieba (na małych szerokościach geograficznych)

Air-Ground Communication (AGC) is the two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the Earth łączność powietrze–ziemia

air-ground control radio station is an aeronautical telecommunication station having primary responsibility for handling communications pertaining to the operation and control of aircraft in a given area radiostacja kontroli powietrze-ziemia

air-ground radiotelephone service includes commercial and general aviation services. Licensees may offer a wide range oftelecommunications services to passengers and others on aircraft usługi radiotelefoniczne ziemia-powietrze

airlift 1. is a system of transporting cargo or passengers by aircraft often to or from an otherwise inaccessible area most powietrzny, lotnicza operacja transportowa 2. the total weight of personnel or cargo carried by air ciężar ładunku przewożonego drogą powietrzną

airlift capability is the total capacity expressed in terms of number of passengers and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo that can be carried at any one time to a given destination by available airlift możliwości mostu powietrznego

airlift requirement is the total number of passengers and/or weight/cubic displacement of cargo required to be carried by air for a specific task wymóg mostu powietrznego

airlifter is an aircraft used to transport cargo or passengers to or from an often otherwise inaccessible area statek powietrzny transportujący w moście powietrznym

airline (A/L) or scheduled air carrier. It is an organization transporting passengers and cargo by aircraft as well as engages mainly in scheduled services (though it may also operate some non-scheduled flights) linia lotnicza

Airline Administrative Control (AAC) ACARS function that provides relevant admin information such as the PIL (Passenger Information List) which contains information such as passenger connections, available seats etc. administracyjna komunikacja lotnicza

airline alliance is an agreement between two or more airlines to cooperate on a substantial level alians lotniczy

airline booking ploys are tactics used by travelers in commercial aviation to lower the costs of flying to a desired destination. These tactics take advantage of inefficiencies in pricing by working around the airline’s fare and route systems, often due to the airlines’ use of fortress hubs sztuczki stosowane przy zakupie biletów lotniczych

airline capacity reflects the planned total seat capacity airlines expect to offer in the upcoming period of time zdolność przewozowa linii lotniczej

airline consolidator is a wholesaler of airline tickets konsolidator linii lotniczej

airline dispatcher → flight dispatcher

Airline Network Architecture (ALNA) / architektoniczna sieć linii lotniczej

Airline Pilots Association (ALPA) represents and advocates for more than 52,000 pilots at 31 U.S. and Canadian airlines, making it the world’s largest airline pilot union. ALPA provides three critical services to its members: airline safety, security, and pilot assistance; representation; and advocacy. Through unbiased, fact-based evaluation of airline safety and security issues, ALPA works to ensure that the airline industry remains safe. ALPA represents pilots’ views to decision-makers, including Congress and federal agencies, and ALPA pilot groups have negotiated hundreds of contracts with airlines Amerykańskie Stowarzyszenie Pilotów Lotniczych

airline reservation system (ARS) is a part of the so-called passenger service systems (PSS), which are applications supporting the direct contact with the passenger system rezerwacyjny linii lotniczej

airline security area is an area in which measures are taken by an airline to ensure the safety of people and property strefa ochrony linii lotniczej

airline ticket counter is a place for airlines to provide staff to assist with ticket sales and seating assignments, confirms passenger identification, and undertakes baggage check-in stanowisko odprawy biletowo-bagażowej

airline tranport pilot (ATP) is a pilot with ATPL pilot transportu liniowego

airline transport pilot license (ATPL) is the highest level of aircraft pilot licence that entitles the holder to the privileges of a commercial pilot licence licencja pilota transportu liniowego

airliner or jet airliner is a large passenger aircraft or a commercial airplane that carries passengers and air cargo samolot pasażerski

Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) creates value for airlines and the aviation industry by developing engineering standards and technical solutions for avionics, networks, and cabin systems that foster increased efficiency and reduced life cycle costs for the aviation community Komitet ds Inżynierii Elektronicznej dla Przewoźników Lotniczych

Airlines for America (A4A) formerly known as Air Transport Association of America (ATA), is an American trade association and lobbying group based in Washington, D.C. that represents the largest airlines. A4A member airlines and their affiliates transport more than 90 percent of U.S. airline passenger and cargo traffic Airlines for America (nie tłumaczy się)

airmail is the system, especially a government postal system, of sending mail by airplane poczta lotnicza

airman is a civilian or military pilot, aviator, or aviation technician lotnik

airmanship means the consistent use of good judgement and well-developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives umiejętności lotnicze, umiejętność latania

airmass is an extensive body of air having fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture within a horizontal plane masa powietrza

AIRMET information is a message containing information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the flight information region concerned depesza/informacja AIRMET

AIRMET message → AIRMET information

air-oil cooler → air-cooled oil cooler

air-oil separator is a component in a gas turbine lubrication system in which air is removed from scavenged oil before its return to the oil tank odpowietrznik oleju

airplane → aeroplane

airplane callsign → aircraft call sign

airplane call-sign → aircraft call sign

airplane cloth is a strong cotton cloth of plain weave treated with dope and formerly used as a covering for the wings and fuselages of airplanes przykrycie statku powietrznego

Airplane Design Group (ADG) is an FAA-defined grouping of aircraft types which has six groups based on wingspan and tail height. These groups are defined in FAA Advisory Circular 150/5300-13. It is sometmes used in place of element 2 of the ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code projektowa grupa statku powietrznego

airplane flight manual → aircraft flight manual

air-plot wind velocity is the wind velocity calculated from a knowledge of an air position and a fix wykres prędkości powietrza

airport (AP) (APT) is the civil aerodrome designed for the take-off and landing of passenger-carrying aircraft for the general public and/or cargo aircraft port lotniczy

Airport Acceptance Rate (AAR) is the number of arriving aircraft an airport or airspace can accept from air route traffic control center (ARTCC). It is the determining parameter to calculate the desired interval between successively arriving aircraft wskaźnik zdolności przyjmowania samolotów przez lotnisko

airport and airways surveillance radar (AASR) is a medium range radar designed for both airway and airport surveillance applications radar dozorowania lotniska i dróg lotniczych

Airport Arrival Rate (AAR) is a dynamic input specifying the number of aircraft an airport or airspace can accept from ARTCC (air route traffic control) center per hour. The AAR is used to calculate the desired interval between successive arriving aircraft wskaźnik zdolności przyjmowania samolotów przez lotnisko (w ciągu godziny)

airport beacon → aerodrome beacon

Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) is a joint venture between ACI EUROPE, EUROCONTROL, International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO) which aims to improve the operational efficiency of all airport operators by reducing delays, increasing the predictability of events during the progress of a flight and optimising the utilisation of resources, where the overall efficiency of an airport is improved by sharing information on aircraft movements between all stakeholders – aircraft operators, airport management, ground-handling and passenger-handling organisations and air traffic management agencies współpraca w podejmowaniu decyzji na lotnisku

airport compass rose is used to mark a location on the airport surface that is suitable for calibrating the compass of an aircraft lotniskowa róża wiatrów

airport configuration is the relative layout of component parts of an airport, such as the runway-taxiway-terminal arrangement konfiguracja lotniska

airport declared capacity means the coordination parameters which are provided in the form that describes a maximum number of slots per unit of time (block period) that can be allocated by the coordinator. The duration of blocks can vary; in addition several blocks with different duration can be superposed to control the concentration of flights within a certain time period. The use of declared capacity values for the whole season means a fixing of the seasonal airport infrastructure capacity at an early stage deklarowana przepustowość portu lotniczego

airport departure rate (ADR) is a dynamic parameter specifying the number of aircraft that can depart from an airport and airspace can accept per hour wskaźnik odlotów na lotniska

airport diagram or airport sketch is the section of an instrument approach procedure chart that shows a detailed diagram of the airport. This diagram includes surface features and airport configuration information schemat lotniska

airport engineering is the planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance of facilities providing for the landing and takeoff, loading and unloading, servicing, maintenance, and storage of aircraft inżynieria budowy lotniska

airport fire brigade is a specialised service performing a number of tasks related to the fire safety at an airport lotniskowa straż pożarna

airport geographical position or airfield reference point. It is the designated geographical center of the airport expressed in latitude and longitude that is used as a reference point for the airspace regulations geograficzna pozycja lotniska

airport ground access plans means plans of the area to accomodate ground based vehicles to and from the near city area & between the various buildings around the airport plany dostępu do obiektów naziemnych lotniska

Airport Handling Agent Certificate (AHAC) confirms the entity’s capacity to provide groundhandling services to air carriers certyfikat agenta obsługi naziemnej statków powietrznych

airport height → aerodrome elevation

airport layout plan (ALP) → aerodrome layout plan

airport lighting are various lighting aids that may be installed at an airport oświetlenie lotniska

airport marking aids are markings used on runways and taxiway surfaces to identify a specific runway, a runway threshold, a centerline, a hold line, etc. oznaczenia lotniska

Airport Movement Area Safety System (AMASS) visually and aurally prompts tower controllers to respond to situations which potentially compromise safety system bezpieczeństwa strefy ruchu lotniskowego

airport obstruction chart (OC) is a 1:12,000-scale graph depicting objects affecting navigable surfaces, aircraft movement and apron areas, navigational aids, prominent airport buildings, and a selection of roads and other plainmeteric details in the airport vicinity. Also included are tabulations of runway and other operational areas mapa przeszkód na lotnisku

airport operating minima (AOM) are criteria used by pilots to determine whether they may land or take off from any runway. AOM consist of two parts: one relating to the cloud base and one relating to the visibility and/or RVR (RVR) minima operacyjne lotniska

Airport Protection Service is formation responsible for security at the airport. Its duties include carrying out security checks of passengers and luggage, intervention in case of threats at the airport, participation in rescue operations Służba Ochrony Lotniska (SOL)

airport reference point → aerodrome reference point

airport sketch → airport diagram

airport slot coordinator means qualified natural or legal person appointed with detailed knowledge of air carrier scheduling coordination as airport coordinator after having consulted the air carriers using the airport regularly, their representative organizations and the airport authorities. The same coordinator may be appointed for more than one airport koordynator przydziałów czasu na start, koordynator przydziałów czasu na start lub lądowanie

airport staging area is any area or place at the airport which is serving as a point of assembly or preparation on the way to a destination obszar oczekiwania na lotnisku

airport stream filter (ASF) is an on/off filter that allows the conflict notification function to be inhibited for arrival streams into single or multiple airports to prevent nuisance alerts lotniskowy filtr strumienia powietrza

Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE) is a radar equipment specifically designed to detect all principal features and traffic on the surface of an airport, presenting the entire image on the control tower console; used to augment visual observation by tower personnel of aircraft and/or vehicular movements on runways and taxiways wyposażenie radarowe wykrywające charakterystyki nawierzchni lotniska

Airport Surface Detection Equipment, Model X (ASDE-X) is a runway-safety tool that enables air traffic controllers to detect potential runway conflicts by providing detailed coverage of movement on runways and taxiways. By collecting data from a variety of sources, ASDE-X is able to track vehicles and aircraft on airport surfaces and obtain identification information from aircraft transponders wyposażenie radarowe wykrywające charakterystyki nawierzchni lotniska, model X

airport surveillance radar → approach surveillance radar

airport surveillance radar approach is an instrument approach in which ATC issues instructions for pilot compliance based on aircraft position in relation to the final approach course and the distance from the end of the runway as displayed on the controller’s radar scope podejście do lądowania wg zbliżeniowego radaru dozorowania, podejście do lądowania wg radaru dozorowania

airport system means two or more airports grouped together and serving the same city or conurbation, as indicated in Annex II to Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 system portów lotniczych

airport zoning is the division of an airport into zones for the primary purpose of regulating the use of land dzielenie lotniska na strefy

airport/facility directory (A/FD) now identified as chart supplement in the U.S., is a pilot’s manual that provides comprehensive information on airports, large and small, and other aviation facilities and procedures katalog lotnisk, obiektów i procedur lotniskowych

Airports Council International (ACI) the global trade representative of the world’s airports. Established in 1991, ACI represents airports’ interests with governments and international organizations, develops standards, policies and recommended practices for airports, and provides information and training opportunities to raise standards around the world Międzynarodowa Rada Portów Lotniczych

airport-to-airport distance means the airport-to-airport great circle distance in kilometres. The measurement is based on airport co-ordinates dystans między lotniskami

airpro x is a situation in which the distance between aircraft and their relative positions and speed is such that their safety may be threatened. After such an incident a pilot or ATCO can file a report sytuacja airpro x

AIRPROX (Aircraft Proximity) is the code word used in an air traffic incident report to designate aircraft proximity what means situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speed have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved may have been compromised meldunek/raport/sytuacja AIRPROX dotyczący niebezpiecznego zbliżenia

air-report (AIREP, ARP) is a report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting meldunek z powietrza

airscrew → propeller

airscrew blade angle / kąt nastawienia łopaty śmigła

Air-Sea Rescue (ASR, A/SR) or sea-air rescue. It is is the coordinated search and rescue (SAR) of the survivors of emergency water landings as well as people who have survived the loss of their seagoing vessel służba ratownicza lotniczo-morska

air-shed → hangar

airship or blimp, dirigible. It is a type of aerostat or lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate through the air under its own power sterowiec

airshow → air show

airsickness bag is a small bag commonly provided to passengers on board airplanes and boats to collect and contain vomit in the event of motion sickness torba chorobowa

airside is the movement area of an airport, adjacent terrain and buildings or portions thereof, access to which is controlled strefa operacyjna lotniska

airside facilities are support facilities on the airside of the field include meteorology, fire and rescue, power and other utilities, aircraft maintenance, and airport maintenance obiekty strefy operacyjnej lotniska

airspace 1. Air space or air traffic services airspaces. It is the airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified przestrzenie powietrzne służb ruchu lotniczego 2. Part of the atmosphere above the surface, subject to the laws of a particular country or controlling authority przestrzeń powietrzna

airspace block is an airspace of defined dimensions, in space and time, within which air navigation services are provided blok przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace capacity is the number of aircraft that can be fitted into ATC sectors, keeping in mind aircraft separation and safety standards, area navigation direct routings and other factors przepustowość przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace classification ATS airspace is classified and designated in accordance with the following:

Class A. IFR flights only are permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated from each other.

Class B. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated from each other.

Class C. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights. VFR flights are separated from IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of other VFR flights.

Class D. IFR and VFR flights are permitted and all flights are provided with air traffic control service, IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of VFR flights, VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other flights.

Class E. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, IFR flights are provided with air traffic control service and are separated from other IFR flights. All flights receive traffic information as far as is practical. Class E shall not be used for control zones.

Class F. IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic advisory service and all flights receive flight information service if requested.

Class G. IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information service if requested klasyfikacja przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace configuration is a pre-defined and coordinated organisation of routes and their associated airspace structures, temporary airspace reservations and ATC sectorisation konfiguracja przestrzeni powietrznej

Airspace Control Authority (ACA) is the commander designated to assume overall responsibility for the operation of the airspace control system in the airspace control area organ kontroli przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace control boundary are the lateral limits of an airspace control area, airspace control sector, high density airspace control zone, or airspace restricted area granica strefy kontroli przestrzeni powietrznej

Airspace Control System (ACS) is an arrangement of organizations, personnel, policies, procedures, and facilities required to perform airspace control functions system kontroli przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace design is the process that ensures the development and implementation of advanced navigational capabilities and techniques, improved route networks and associated sectorisation, optimised airspace structures and capacity-enhancing ATM procedures projektowanie przestrzeni powietrznej

Airspace Encounter Categories (AEC) is a qualitative classification of the rate at which a unmanned aircraft systems would encounter a manned aircraft in typical civil airspace found in the U.S. and Europe. The airspace encounter risk was grouped by operational altitude, airport environment, controlled airspace, uncontrolled Mode C veil/TMZ airspace, and in uncontrolled airspace over rural and/or urban populations, into 12 categorizations. The AEC is based on the assessment of the proximity (the more aircraft in the airspace, the higher the rate of proximity, the greater the risk of collision), geometry (an airspace structure which reduces the rate at which aircraft find themselves on collision courses), and dynamics (in general, the faster the speed of the aircraft in the airspace, the greater the number of collision risks over a set time) kategorie spotkań (pomiędzy bezzałogowym a załogowym statkiem powietrznym) w przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace hierarchy within the airspace classes, there is a hierarchy and, in the event of an overlap of airspace: Class A preempts Class B, Class B preempts Class C, Class C preempts Class D, Class D preempts Class E, and Class E preempts Class G hierarchia przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace infringement (AI) occurs when an aircraft enters notified airspace without previously requesting and obtaining clearance from the controlling authority of that airspace, or enters the airspace under conditions that were not contained in the clearance naruszenie przestrzeni powietrznej

Airspace Management (ASM) is a planning function with the primary objective of maximising the utilisation of available airspace by dynamic time-sharing and, at times, the segregation of airspace among various categories of users based on short-term needs. In future systems, airspace management will also have a strategic function associated with infrastructure planning zarządzanie przestrzenią powietrzną

Airspace Management Cell (AMC) is a cell responsible for the day-to-day management of the airspace under the responsibility of one or more Member States komórka zarządzania przestrzenią powietrzną

airspace observer means a person who assists the remote pilot by performing unaided visual scanning of the airspace in which the unmanned aircraft is operating for any potential hazard in the air obserwator przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace request (RQA) is an order for elements of the airspace depesza zamawiająca przestrzeń powietrzną

airspace reservation 1. a defined volume of airspace temporarily reserved for exclusive or specific use by categories of users rezerwacja przestrzeni powietrznej 2. a sector of airspace in which aerial navigation is restricted or prohibited by governmental authority zakaz lub ograniczenie lotów w danej przestrzeni powietrznej

airspace restriction is a defined volume of airspace within which, variously, activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may be conducted at specified times (a ‘danger area’); or such airspace situated above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions (a ‘restricted area’); or airspace situated above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited (a ‘prohibited area’) ograniczenie przestrzeni powietrznej

Airspace Risk Class (ARC) is an initial assignment of generic collision risk of airspace, before mitigations are applied. ARC is assigned to AEC based on a qualitative assessment of collision risk of generic types of airspace klasa ryzyka przestrzeni powietrznej

Airspace Simulation & Analysis for Terminal Procedures (ASAT) is a Monte Carlo simulation tool that uses statistical input for Aircraft (flight dynamics, propulsion/performance, wake turbulence, on board avionics), Geographical/Geodetic (digital terrain elevation data, obstacles), Environmental (standards atmosphere, non-standards atmosphere, measured wind and temperature gradients data), Navigation ground systems, Surveillance (PRM, ASR-9, ARSR, TCAS, ADS-B), Human factors (pilot, ATC). ASAT can provide answers either in an deterministic or a probabilistic way symulacja i analiza przestrzeni powietrznej dla procedur terminalowych